From clusters to phase diagrams: composition rules of quasicrystals and bulk metallic glasses

Metallic elements having negative enthalpies of mixing tend to form characteristic local atomic clusters. In this review, we use the structural information in the first nearest neighbour shell level, or first-shell atomic cluster, to derive the composition rules of two types of complex alloy phases, quasicrystals and bulk metallic glasses, both being composed of elements with negative enthalpies of mixing. We first show the composition phenomena in quasicrystal-forming systems, where major composition rules such as cluster line, electron concentration and atomic size criteria are derived. Then we analyse the composition rules of bulk metallic glasses using the very same approaches. Finally, we summarize their common composition rules into more general rules and basic theories.

[1]  C. Dong,et al.  Formation rule for Al-based ternary quasi-crystals: Example of Al–Ni–Fe decagonal phase , 2001 .

[2]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Formation, Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties of Cu-Zr-Al Bulk Glassy Alloys , 2002 .

[3]  A. Inoue,et al.  Co–Fe–B–Si–Nb bulk glassy alloys with superhigh strength and extremely low magnetostriction , 2006 .

[4]  A. Tsai,et al.  Interface Stability, Growth and Morphology in Icosahedral Quasi Crystals , 1991 .

[5]  Dan Wang,et al.  Multiple maxima of GFA in three adjacent eutectics in Zr–Cu–Al alloy system – A metallographic way to pinpoint the best glass forming alloys , 2005 .

[6]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Bulk Nd-Fe-Al Amorphous Alloys with Hard Magnetic Properties , 1996 .

[7]  C. Dong,et al.  Composition rule of bulk metallic glasses and quasicrystals using electron concentration criterion , 2003 .

[8]  A. Inoue,et al.  Icosahedral, Decagonal and Amorphous Phases in Al–Cu–M (M=Transition Metal) Systems , 1989 .

[9]  C. Dong.  The δ-Al4 Cu9 phase as an approximant of quasicrystals , 1996 .

[10]  V. Simonet,et al.  Short-range order in undercooled melts forming quasicrystals and approximants , 2002 .

[11]  K. Kuo,et al.  A new hexagonal metastable phase coexisting with the diagonal quasicrystal in Al-Cr-Ni and Al-Mn-Ni alloys , 1989 .

[12]  A. Tsai.  Metallurgy of Quasicrystals , 1999 .

[13]  D. Gratias,et al.  The phase diagram and structures of the ternary AlCuFe system in the vicinity of the icosahedral region , 1993 .

[14]  C. Dong,et al.  Bulk metallic glasses in the Zr-Al-Ni-Cu system , 2003 .

[15]  X. Z. Li,et al.  F-type icosahedral phase and a related cubic phase in the Al-Rh-Cu system , 1998 .

[16]  K. Kelton.  Quasicrystals: structure and stability , 1993 .

[17]  B. Grushko,et al.  A comparative study of the Al–Co–Pd and Al–Co–Ni alloy systems , 2004 .

[18]  C. Dong,et al.  Composition optimization of the Cu-based Cu–Zr–Al alloys , 2004 .

[19]  C. Dong,et al.  Hume-Rothery Phases with Constant e/a Value and their Related Electronic Properties in Al-Cu-Fe(-Cr) Quasicrystalline Systems , 1994 .

[20]  Daniel B. Miracle,et al.  The influence of efficient atomic packing on the constitution of metallic glasses , 2003 .

[21]  K. Hiraga,et al.  A new icosahedral quasicrystal coexisting with decagonal quasicrystals in the Al–Ni–Ru system , 2002 .

[22]  A. Inoue,et al.  Zr–Al–Ni Amorphous Alloys with High Glass Transition Temperature and Significant Supercooled Liquid Region , 1990 .

[23]  C. Dong,et al.  The e/a Criterion for the Largest Glass-forming Abilities of the Zr-Al-Ni(Co) Alloys , 2004 .

[24]  D. Zander,et al.  Quasicrystal Formation, Phase Selection and Crystallization Kinetics in Zr-Cu-Ni-Al Based Metallic Glasses , 2002 .

[25]  C. Dong,et al.  Composition optimization of the Al-Co-Zr bulk metallic glasses , 2004 .

[26]  T. Okabe,et al.  Decagonal phase and pseudo-decagonal phase in the Al-Cu-Cr system , 1992 .

[27]  B. Grushko,et al.  Investigation of the high-Al region of Al–Cu–Ru , 2004 .

[28]  C. Dong,et al.  The microstructure analysis of Al–Cu–Cr phases in Al65Cu20Cr15 quasicrystalline particles/Al base composites , 1999 .

[29]  C. Liu,et al.  Role of minor alloying additions in formation of bulk metallic glasses: A Review , 2004 .

[30]  Hung Chen.  REVIEW ARTICLE: Glassy metals , 1980 .

[31]  A. Inoue,et al.  Formation of icosahedral quasicrystal by crystallization of Zr70(Ni, Cu, Pd)30 amorphous alloys , 2001 .

[32]  T. Takeuchi,et al.  Interpretation of the Hume–Rothery rule in complex electron compounds: γ-phase Cu5Zn8 Alloy, FK-type Al30Mg40Zn30 and MI-type Al68Cu7Ru17Si8 1/1–1/1–1/1 approximants , 2004 .

[33]  P. Häussler.  Interrelations between atomic and electronic structures. Liquid and amorphous metals as model systems , 1992 .

[34]  A. Inoue,et al.  Phase composition and transformation behavior of readily solidified Al–Ni–Fe alloys in α-Al–decagonal phase region , 2005 .

[35]  C. Dong,et al.  Sm-based Sm-Al-Ni ternary bulk metallic glasses , 2007 .

[36]  U. Mizutani,et al.  Electronic structure of (Ni33Zr67)1 − 1Xx (X ≡ Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni or Cu) ternary metallic glasses studied by low temperature specific heat measurements , 1988 .

[37]  A. Inoue,et al.  Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Cu-Based Cu-Zr-Ti-Y Bulk Glassy Alloys. , 2001 .

[38]  C. Dong,et al.  Geometric structure of Bergman clusters related to bulk amorphous alloys and quasicrystals , 2004 .

[39]  A. Inoue,et al.  Stable decagonal quasicrystals with a periodicity of 1·6 nm in Al-Pd-(Fe, Ru or Os) alloys , 1991 .

[40]  S. Takeuchi,et al.  Icosahedral and decagonal quasicrystals in the AlPdMg system , 1994 .

[41]  S. Roos,et al.  Formation of quasicrystals in bulk glass forming Zr–Cu–Ni–Al alloys , 1996 .

[42]  N. Tamura,et al.  Monoclinic Al13Fe4 approximant phase: a link between icosahedral and decagonal phases , 1993 .

[43]  A. Inoue,et al.  Icosahedral phase formation by the primary crystallization of a Zr-Cu-Pd metallic glass , 2000 .

[44]  C. Dong,et al.  Formation and Optimization of Cu-Based Cu-Zr-Al Bulk Metallic Glasses , 2005 .

[45]  C. Dong,et al.  Ternary bulk metallic glasses formed by minor alloying of Cu8Zr5 icosahedron , 2006 .

[46]  K. Yubuta,et al.  The crystal structure of a new crystalline phase in the Al-Pd-Cr alloy system, studied by high-resolution electron microscopy , 1995 .

[47]  C. Dong,et al.  Phase equilibrium in the vicinity of the Al–Ni–Ru decagonal phase , 2004 .

[48]  A. Inoue.  Stabilization of metallic supercooled liquid and bulk amorphous alloys , 2000 .

[49]  B. Grushko,et al.  An investigation of the Al–Pd–Fe phase diagram between 50 and 100 at.% Al: phase equilibria at 900–1020 °C , 2004 .

[50]  S. Nagel,et al.  Nearly-Free-Electron Approach to the Theory of Metallic Glass Alloys , 1975 .

[51]  C. Dong,et al.  The e/a-constant Hume-Rothery phases in an As-cast Zr65Al7.5Ni10Cu17.5 alloy , 2000 .

[52]  Takeshi Egami,et al.  Atomic size effect on the formability of metallic glasses , 1984 .

[53]  D. Turnbull.  Under what conditions can a glass be formed , 1969 .

[54]  C. Dong,et al.  RETRACTED: The e/a criterion of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses , 2004 .

[55]  B. Grushko,et al.  Stable and metastable quasicrystals in Al-based alloy systems with transition metals , 2004 .

[56]  Phillips,et al.  Quantum diagrams and the prediction of new ternary quasicrystals. , 1991, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[57]  B. Grushko,et al.  Investigation of the Al–Cu–Rh phase diagram in the vicinity of the decagonal phase , 2000 .

[58]  C. Dong,et al.  Composition Rules from Electron Concentration and Atomic Size Factors in Zr-Al-Cu-Ni Bulk Metallic Glasses , 2004 .

[59]  C. Dong.  The concept of the approximants of quasicrystals , 1995 .

[60]  X. Zou,et al.  Transmission electron microscopy study of Al13Fe4 tenfold twins in rapidly cooled Al–Fe alloys , 1987 .

[61]  B. Grushko,et al.  Electronic Transport Behaviors of Insulating Icosahedral Al–Pd–Re Bulk Samples , 2006 .

[62]  F. Cyrot-Lackmann,et al.  Electronic properties and the role of d states in stable quasicrystals , 1993 .

[63]  K. Kuo,et al.  Transformation of Al–Ni–(Si) decagonal quasicrystals to 1–D quasicrystal and crystalline approximants , 1993 .

[64]  S. Takeuchi,et al.  New stable icosahedral phases in Al-Pd-Ru and Al-Pd-Os systems , 2002 .

[65]  M. Sasaura,et al.  Electronic structure and electron transport in CaMgCu metallic glasses , 1988 .

[66]  C. Dong,et al.  Ternary Al–Ni–Ru phases , 2003 .

[67]  B. Grushko,et al.  Decagonal quasicrystals in AlCo and ternary alloys containing Cu and Ni , 1996 .

[68]  Akihisa Inoue,et al.  New Stable Icosahedral Al-Cu-Ru and Al-Cu-Os Alloys , 1988 .

[69]  S. Takeuchi,et al.  Electrical resistivities of Al–Pd–Os and Al–Pd–Os–Re icosahedral quasicrystals , 2000 .

[70]  C. Dong,et al.  The best glass-forming compositions in Al-Co(or Ni)-Y ternary systems , 2007 .

[71]  J. Eckert,et al.  High-strength materials produced by precipitation of icosahedral quasicrystals in bulk Zr–Ti–Cu–Ni–Al amorphous alloys , 1999 .

[72]  B. Grushko.  Phase equilibrium and transformation of stable quasicrystals -Decagonal Al-Cu-Co phase- , 1993 .

[73]  A. Inoue,et al.  New quasicrystals in Al65Cu20M15 (M = Cr, Mn or Fe) systems prepared by rapid solidification , 1988 .

[74]  R. S. Tiwari,et al.  Transmission electron microscopic investigations of rapidly solidified Al-Mn-Ni quasicrystalline alloys , 1991 .

[75]  B. Grushko,et al.  High-Ni Al-Ni-Co decagonal phase , 1996 .

[76]  P. Thiel,et al.  Cluster-based composition rule for stable ternary quasicrystals in Al-(Cu, Pd, Ni)-TM systems , 2006 .

[77]  Daniel B. Miracle.  A structural model for metallic glasses , 2004 .

[78]  K. Yubuta,et al.  A new crystalline phase related to decagonal quasicrystals with non-central symmetry in Al-Co-Pd alloys , 1997 .

[79]  K. Kelton.  Crystallization of liquids and glasses to quasicrystals , 2004 .

[80]  A. Inoue,et al.  Superhigh strength and good soft-magnetic properties of (Fe,Co)–B–Si–Nb bulk glassy alloys with high glass-forming ability , 2004 .

[81]  C. Pohla,et al.  Quasicrystals in AlNi alloys , 1991 .

[82]  A. Tsai,et al.  Phason strains on growth, stability and structure of icosahedral phases , 1997 .

[83]  W. Steurer,et al.  The structure of decagonal Al70.5Mn16.5Pd13 , 1994 .

[84]  C. Dong,et al.  Optimum Zr–Al–Co bulk metallic glass composition Zr53Al23.5Co23.5 , 2004 .