Personality and Social Psychology: Towards a Synthesis

Persons and Situations Cornerstones of Modern Personality Psychology The Issue of Consistency in Personality Sixty Years of Controversy In Defence of Traits New (and Revived) Perspectives Modern Interactionism An Alternative Framework for Personality Research Implementing the Interactionist Programme Three Exemplary Areas of Research Improving Personality Measurement The Nomothetic Road to the Study of Consistency Personality Psychology Is about Individuals Rediscovering the Idiographic Legacy The Role of the Situation in Personality Research Personality Psychology in the Nineties An Outlook EXPANDED CONTENTS FOR SOLUS APTER ONE PERSONS AND SITUATIONS CORNERSTONES OF MODERN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Scope of the book eview of the chapters APTER TWO THE ISSUE OF CONSISTENCY IN PERSONALITY SIXTY YEARS OF CONTROVERSY Meanings of consistency The beginnings of the controversy The traditional trait position The situationist challenge Proposed solutions mmary APTER THREE IN DEFENCE OF TRAITS NEW (AND REVIVED) PERSPECTIVES Basic trait dimensions the big five The biological basis of traits Traits as social constructions mmary APTER FOUR MODERN INTERACTIONISM AN ALTERNATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR PERSONALITY RESEARCH The fundamentals of modern interactionism The role of situation variables Personality development from an interactionist perspective mmary APTER FIVE IMPLEMENTING THE INTERACTIONIST PROGRAMME THREE EXEMPLARY AREAS OF RESEARCH Anxiety a multidimensional approach Emotions and person-situation congruence Prosocial behaviour Has interactionism come of age critical voices mmary APTER SIX IMPROVING PERSONALITY MEASUREMENT THE NOMOTHETIC ROAD TO THE STUDY OF CONSISTENCY The moderator variable strategy beyond omnibus predictions Aggregation and act trends beyond single-act criteria The peer-rating strategy beyond self-reports mmary APTER SEVEN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY IS ABOUT INDIVIDUALS REDISCOVERING THE IDIOGRAPHIC LEGACY Strategies for capturing individual uniqueness The idiothetic approach to consistency Integrating idiographic and nomothetic measures of personality Understanding personal life plans mmary APTER EIGHT THE ROLE OF THE SITUATION IN PERSONALITY RESEARCH Situations as objective entities Situations as subjective realities Situations as chosen by the individual mmary CHAPTER NINE PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY IN THE NINETIES AN OUTLOOK

[1]  L. A. Pervin.  Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research , 1992 .

[2]  A. T. Church,et al.  Internal, External, and Self-Report Structure of Personality in a Non-Western Culture: An Investigation of Cross-Language and Cross-Cultural Generalizability , 1989 .

[3]  E. Borgatta,et al.  THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS. , 1964, Behavioral science.

[4]  A. W. Wicker.  Attitudes Versus Actions: The Relationship of Verbal and Overt Behavioral Responses to Attitude Objects. , 1969 .

[5]  D. Buss,et al.  The frequency concept of disposition: dominance and prototypically dominant acts^ , 1980 .

[6]  L Cosmides,et al.  On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: the role of genetics and adaptation. , 1990, Journal of personality.

[7]  S. Gangestad.  The Evolutionary History of Genetic Variation: An Emerging Issue in the Behavioral Genetic Study of Personality , 1989 .

[8]  Personality in the life course. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[9]  R. Larsen,et al.  Person x situation interactions: choice of situations and congruence response models. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[10]  D. Watson.  Strangers' Ratings of the Five Robust Personality Factors: Evidence of a Surprising Convergence With Self-Report , 1989 .

[11]  Lynn R. Kahle,et al.  Stimulus condition self-selection by males in the interaction of locus of control and skill–chance situations. , 1980 .

[12]  H. Eysenck.  The science of personality: nomothetic. , 1954, Psychological review.

[13]  D. Moskowitz.  Comparison of self-reports, reports by knowledgeable informants, and behavioral observation data , 1986 .

[14]  R. L. Archer,et al.  Openers: Individuals who elicit intimate self-disclosure. , 1983 .

[15]  Darren Newtson.  Attribution and the unit of perception of ongoing behavior. , 1973 .

[16]  D. Jackson.  Personality research form manual , 1974 .

[17]  A. Bandura.  Social Foundations of Thought and Action , 1986 .

[18]  Mark Snyder,et al.  Personality and social behavior , 1985 .

[19]  A. Graesser,et al.  Memory for typical and atypical actions in scripted activities. , 1980 .

[20]  J. Harris.  Nomovalidation and idiovalidation: A quest for the true personality profile. , 1980 .

[21]  P. Costa,et al.  Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The Full Five-Factor Model and Well-Being , 1991 .

[22]  T. Bouchard,et al.  Genetic and rearing environmental influences on adult personality: an analysis of adopted twins reared apart. , 1990, Journal of personality.

[23]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  The social relations model: an integrative method for personality research , 1986 .

[24]  James Jaccard,et al.  Idiothetic methods for the analysis of behavioral decision making: Computer applications , 1988 .

[25]  The Psychology of Social Situations. , 1981 .

[26]  N. Endler,et al.  Improving the assessment of situation perception with respect to anxiety , 1989 .

[27]  D. Ozer,et al.  Patterns of personality consistency and change from childhood through adolescence. , 1989, Journal of personality.

[28]  R. Savin-Williams,et al.  In search of personality traits: A multimethod analysis of naturally occurring prosocial and dominance behavior. , 1983 .

[29]  R. Baumeister.  A SELF-PRESENTATIONAL VIEW OF SOCIAL PHENOMENA , 1982 .

[30]  R. Larsen,et al.  Temporal stability and cross-situational consistency of affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[31]  D. Moskowitz.  Coherence and cross-situational generality in personality: A new analysis of old problems. , 1982 .

[32]  Jack Block,et al.  Assimilation, accommodation, and the dynamics of personality development. , 1982 .

[33]  Darren Newtson,et al.  The perceptual organization of ongoing behavior , 1976 .

[34]  A. Caspi,et al.  Continuities and consequences of interactional styles across the life course. , 1989, Journal of personality.

[35]  James T. Lamiell,et al.  Toward an idiothetic psychology of personality. , 1981 .

[36]  H. Hermans,et al.  The person as co‐investigator in personality research , 1991 .

[37]  W. Mischel,et al.  Prototypicality and personality: Effects on free recall and personality impressions , 1979 .

[38]  Lawrence A. Pervin,et al.  A free-response description approach to the analysis of person-situation interaction. , 1976 .

[39]  L. R. Goldberg,et al.  A failure to replicate the Bem and Allen study of individual differences in cross-situational consistency. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[40]  L. R. Goldberg,et al.  Category‐breadth and social‐desirability values for 573 personality terms , 1987 .

[41]  C. N. Alexander,,et al.  Predicting Behaviors from Situated Identities , 1984 .

[42]  Frank J. Bernieri,et al.  To predict some of the people some of the time: In search of moderators. , 1989 .

[43]  Jacquelyn W. White,et al.  Issues of consistency and effectiveness in coping with daily stressors , 1988 .

[44]  C. Daniel Batson,et al.  Where is the altruism in the altruistic personality , 1986 .

[45]  Debbie S. Moskowitz,et al.  Convergence of self-reports and independent observers : dominance and friendliness , 1990 .

[46]  D. Olweus,et al.  Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: a review. , 1979, Psychological bulletin.

[47]  W Mischell,et al.  On the future of personality measurement. , 1977, The American psychologist.

[48]  Donald J. Baumann,et al.  Mood influences on helping: Direct effects or side effects? , 1984 .

[49]  N. Endler,et al.  The person versus the situation--a pseudo issue? A response to Alker. , 1973, Journal of personality.

[50]  D. Funder,et al.  Friends and strangers: acquaintanceship, agreement, and the accuracy of personality judgment. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[51]  Roy F. Baumeister,et al.  Toward a Theory of Situational Structure , 1985 .

[52]  W. Mischel,et al.  Conditional hedges and the intuitive psychology of traits. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[53]  E. Thorndike.  A constant error in psychological ratings. , 1920 .

[54]  A. J. Conger.  Toward a further understanding of the intuitive personologists: Some critical evidence on the diabolical quality of subjective psychometrics , 1983 .

[55]  B. Moore,et al.  Sources of behavioral consistency , 1981 .

[56]  W. Mischel,et al.  Intuitive interactionism in person perception: effects of situation--behavior relations on dispositional judgments. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[57]  J. Block.  Some reasons for the apparent inconsistency of personality. , 1968, Psychological bulletin.

[58]  I. Mervielde,et al.  Perceiver and target effects in personality ratings , 1989 .

[59]  C. J. Krauskopf.  Comment on Endler and Magnusson's attempt to redefine personality. , 1978 .

[60]  Lawrence A. Pervin,et al.  Goal concepts in personality and social psychology. , 1989 .

[61]  R. Carlson.  What's social about social psychology? Where's the person in personality research? , 1984 .

[62]  J. M. Digman.  Five robust trait dimensions: development, stability, and utility. , 1989, Journal of personality.

[63]  William Blake,et al.  Idiographic goals and methods in the study of lives , 1983 .

[64]  D. Jackson,et al.  Idiothetic inquiry and the toil of Sisyphus , 1986 .

[65]  A. Tellegen,et al.  Recognizing individual differences in predictive structure , 1982 .

[66]  D. Peabody,et al.  Selecting representative trait adjectives. , 1987 .

[67]  A. Silverstein.  An Aristotelian resolution of the idiographic versus nomothetic tension. , 1988 .

[68]  T. Widiger,et al.  Comparing Idiothetic, Ipsative, and Normative Indices of Consistency , 1989 .

[69]  B. P. Allen,et al.  Just as arbitrary as ever: Comments on Zuckerman's rejoinder. , 1983 .

[70]  P. K. Peake.  Theoretical Divergences in the Person-Situation Debate , 1984 .

[71]  H. Hermans.  The person as co‐investigator in self‐research: Valuation theory , 1991 .

[72]  J. Gormly.  Correspondence between personality trait ratings and behavioral events , 1984 .

[73]  M. A. Foss,et al.  Studies in intuitive personology from an idiothetic point of view: Implications for personality theory. , 1983, Journal of personality.

[74]  A. Tellegen.  Structures of Mood and Personality and Their Relevance to Assessing Anxiety, With an Emphasis on Self-Report , 2019, Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders.

[75]  D. Cartwright.  Social Learning and Clinical Psychology. , 1955 .

[76]  Leonard D. Eron,et al.  Individual differences and the trait of aggression , 1989 .

[77]  Robert A Emmons,et al.  Exploring the Relations Between Motives and Traits: The Case of Narcissism , 1989 .

[78]  M. Zavalloni,et al.  Social psychology at the crossroads: Its encounter with cognitive and ecological psychology and the interactive perspective , 1979 .

[79]  D. Funder.  Three issues in predicting more of the people: A reply to Mischel and Peake. , 1983 .

[80]  On the cross‐cultural examination of acts and dispositions , 1989 .

[81]  Thomas Blass,et al.  Social psychology and personality: Toward a convergence. , 1984 .

[82]  D. Watson.  Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of positive and negative affect: their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[83]  G. Semin,et al.  Differential contributions of linguistic factors to memory based ratings: Systematizing the systematic distortion hypothesis , 1985 .

[84]  J. Conley,et al.  The hierarchy of consistency: A review and model of longitudinal findings on adult individual differences in intelligence, personality and self-opinion , 1984 .

[85]  Jaan Valsiner,et al.  The Individual subject and scientific psychology , 1986 .

[86]  R. Lippa,et al.  Self-Monitoring and Idiographic Measures of Behavioral Variability Across Interpersonal Relationships. , 1990 .

[87]  L. Penner,et al.  The reliability and validity of Bem and Allen's measure of cross-situational consistency , 1982 .

[88]  E. Woody.  The intuitive personologist revisited: A critique of dialectical person perception , 1983 .

[89]  W. Chaplin,et al.  Self-ratings of personality: a naturalistic comparison of normative, ipsative, and idiothetic standards. , 1988, Journal of personality.

[90]  J. Beggs,et al.  Disgerising personal inventories: a situated identity strategy , 1986 .

[91]  M. Snyder.  On the Self-Fulfilling Nature of Social Stereotypes. , 1977 .

[92]  N. Miller,et al.  Positive mood and helping behavior: a test of six hypotheses. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[93]  D. Jackson,et al.  Idiographic measurement strategies for personality and prediction: Some unredeemed promissory notes , 1985 .

[94]  H. Michal-Smith.  The psychological situation. , 1956 .

[95]  R. E. Christal,et al.  Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. , 1992, Journal of personality.

[96]  N. Endler,et al.  S-R inventories of hostility and comparisons of the proportions of variance from persons, responses, and situations for hostility and anxiousness. , 1968, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[97]  E. Sadalla,et al.  The Search for Predictable Settings. Situational Prototypes, Constraint, and Behavioral Variation , 1985 .

[98]  Choosing Partners and Activities: The Social Perceiver Decides to Mix It Up , 1984 .

[99]  Raymond B. Cattell,et al.  Psychological measurement: normative, ipsative, interactive. , 1944 .

[100]  Robert C. Nichols,et al.  Heredity, Environment, and Personality: A Study of 850 Sets of Twins , 1976 .

[101]  D. Buss,et al.  Acts, Dispositions, and Personality , 1984 .

[102]  O. Reiser,et al.  Principles Of Gestalt Psychology , 1936 .

[103]  F. Heilizer.  Psychodigms of Theory in Personality and Social Psychology , 1980 .

[104]  C. Daniel Batson,et al.  More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation. , 1982 .

[105]  G. Āllport,et al.  Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. , 1936 .

[106]  N. Endler,et al.  Medical intervention and the interaction model of anxiety. , 1982 .

[107]  Ernst-Dieter Lantermann,et al.  Interaktionen : Person, Situation und Handlung , 1980 .

[108]  R. H. Deluty.  Consistency of assertive, aggressive, and submissive behavior for children. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[109]  J. Jaccard.  Personality and behavioral prediction: An analysis of behavioral criterion measures , 1978 .

[110]  L. R. Goldberg,et al.  Category breadth and hierarchical structure in personality: studies of asymmetries in judgments of trait implications. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[111]  Fritz Ostendorf,et al.  The lexical approach to personality: A historical review of trait taxonomic research , 1988 .

[112]  Peter Borkenau,et al.  Comparing exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: A study on the 5-factor model of personality , 1990 .

[113]  E. Rosch,et al.  Categorization of Natural Objects , 1981 .

[114]  D. Buss,et al.  Structure of act-report data: is the five-factor model of personality recaptured? , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[115]  K. Deaux,et al.  Sex-Related Patterns in the Unit of Perception , 1977 .

[116]  J. M. Digman,et al.  Further specification of the five robust factors of personality. , 1986 .

[117]  Steven J Sherman,et al.  Parallals between attitudes and traits as predictors of behavior. , 1983, Journal of personality.

[118]  Debbie S. Moskowitz,et al.  Cross-situational generality in the laboratory: Dominance and friendliness. , 1988 .

[119]  I. Ajzen.  Attitudes, Personality and Behavior , 1988 .

[120]  Mark H. Davis.  The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: A multidimensional approach , 1983 .

[121]  J. Lamiell.  The Case for an Idiothetic Psychology of Personality: A Conceptual and Empirical Foundation , 1982 .

[122]  P. Costa,et al.  Updating Norman's "Adequate Taxonomy": intelligence and personality dimensions in natural language and in questionnaires. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[123]  Auke Tellegen,et al.  The Analysis of Consistency in Personality Assessment , 1988 .

[124]  R. Plomin.  Behavioral genetic methods. , 1986, Journal of personality.

[125]  R. Broughton.  A prototype strategy for construction of personality scales. , 1984 .

[126]  J. Lerner.  The Role of Temperament in Psychosocial Adaptation in Early Adolescents: A Test of a “Goodness of Fit” Model , 1983 .

[127]  B. Little.  Personal Projects Analysis: Trivial Pursuits, Magnificent Obsessions, and the Search for Coherence , 1989 .

[128]  W. T. Norman,et al.  A universal conception of personality structure? , 1966, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[129]  R. Turner.  Personality in society: Social psychology's contribution to sociology. , 1988 .

[130]  S. Golding.  Flies in the ointment: Methodological problems in the analysis of the percentage of variance due to persons and situations. , 1975 .

[131]  James T. Lamiell,et al.  The psychology of personality: An epistemological inquiry. , 1987 .

[132]  N. Feather,et al.  Preference for situations involving effort, time pressure, and feedback in relation to type A behavior, locus of control, and test anxiety. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[133]  Irwin A. Berg.  Personality and Motivation Structure and Measurement. , 1960 .

[134]  J. Falk.  Issues distinguishing idiographic from nomothetic approaches to personality theory. , 2011, Psychological review.

[135]  Norman Frederiksen,et al.  Toward a Taxonomy of Situations. , 1972 .

[136]  J. R. Royce.  Personality integration: A synthesis of the parts and wholes of individuality theory , 1983 .

[137]  N. Miller,et al.  Explanation of the relation between negative mood and helping. , 1987 .

[138]  N. Endler,et al.  Interactionism: a personality model, but not yet a theory. , 1983, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

[139]  R. Plomin,et al.  Human behavioral genetics. , 1991, Annual review of psychology.

[140]  O. John.  The "Big Five" factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. , 1990 .

[141]  Desmond S. Cartwright.  Theories and models of personality , 1979 .

[142]  Charles D. Spielberger,et al.  Anxiety as an Emotional State , 1972 .

[143]  J. B. Maller,et al.  Studies in the Nature of Character. , 1930 .

[144]  E. Hilgard,et al.  On the degree of stability of measured hypnotizability over a 25-year period. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[145]  Robert B. Cialdini,et al.  The economics of empathic helping: Support for a mood management motive , 1988 .

[146]  R. Carlson.  Current Controversies and Issues in Personality. 2nd ed. , 1985 .

[147]  M. Rothbart,et al.  On the confirmability and disconfirmability of trait concepts. , 1986 .

[148]  Gün R. Semin,et al.  The linguistic category model, its bases, applications and range , 1991 .

[149]  Jaan Valsiner,et al.  Between Groups and Individuals , 1986 .

[150]  R. Helson.  Personality: Theory, assessment, and research. 3rd ed. , 1980 .

[151]  David Watson,et al.  Self- versus peer ratings of specific emotional traits: Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity , 1991 .

[152]  D. Magnusson,et al.  Perceptions of and reactions to stressful situations. , 1975, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[153]  M. Snyder.  Self-monitoring processes , 1979 .

[154]  Arnold H. Buss,et al.  Self-consciousness, self-report of aggressiveness, and aggression , 1978 .

[155]  L. Lieberman.  "The stability of behavior: II. Implications for psychological research": Critique of Epstein. , 1981 .

[156]  A. Bandura.  Principles of behavior modification , 1969 .

[157]  A. Staats,et al.  Emotional personality repertoire as cause of behavior: Specification of personality and interaction principles. , 1982 .

[158]  S. Gangestad,et al.  Choosing social situations: Two investigations of self-monitoring processes , 1982 .

[159]  J. Kihlstrom,et al.  An S-R inventory of dominance for research on the nature of person-situation interactions1 , 1978 .

[160]  R. Carlson.  Where is the person in personality research? , 1971, Psychological bulletin.

[161]  Lawrence A. Pervin,et al.  Persons, Situations, Interactions: The History of a Controversy and a Discussion of Theoretical Models , 1989 .

[162]  D. Magnusson,et al.  Personality at the crossroads : current issues in interactional psychology , 1977 .

[163]  Nancy Cantor,et al.  From thought to behavior: "Having" and "doing" in the study of personality and cognition. , 1990 .

[164]  Seymour Rosenberg,et al.  Contemporary perspectives and future directions of personality and social psychology. , 1983 .

[165]  S. Feshbach.  The "Personality" of Personality Theory and Research , 1984 .

[166]  M. Snyder.  On the influence of individuals on situations , 1981 .

[167]  Jack Block,et al.  The Q-sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research , 1964 .

[168]  I. Ajzen.  Attitudes, Traits, and Actions: Dispositional Prediction of Behavior in Personality and Social Psychology , 1987 .

[169]  J. P. Rushton,et al.  The Altruistic Personality , 1984 .

[170]  Walter Mischel,et al.  Personality dispositions revisited and revised: A view after three decades. , 1990 .

[171]  F. Gibbons,et al.  Self-focused attention and helping behavior. , 1982 .

[172]  Richard A. Shweder,et al.  How relevant is an individual difference theory of personality? , 1975, Journal of personality.

[173]  Keith E. Davis,et al.  The Social construction of the person , 1985 .

[174]  Charles D. Spielberger,et al.  CHAPTER 14 – The Effects of Anxiety on Complex Learning and Academic Achievement , 1966 .

[175]  H. Thomae.  Conceptualizations of responses to stress , 1987 .

[176]  C. G. Lord.  Predicting behavioral consistency from an individual's perception of situational similarities , 1980 .

[177]  Douglas N. Jackson,et al.  Construct validity and the predictability of behavior. , 1985 .

[178]  D. Funder.  Accuracy in Personality Judgment and the Dancing Bear , 1989 .

[179]  S. West,et al.  Long-Term Stability and Change in Personality: An Introduction , 1989 .

[180]  D. Funder,et al.  Predicting personality and behavior: a boundary on the acquaintanceship effect. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[181]  L. Kohlberg.  The Philosophy of Moral Development Moral Stages and the Idea of Justice , 1981 .

[182]  A. Rabin.  Studying persons and lives , 1990 .

[183]  W. Thompson,et al.  Focus of Attention Mediates the Impact of Negative Affect on Altruism. , 1980 .

[184]  Robert R. McCrae,et al.  Consensual validation of personality traits: Evidence from self-reports and ratings. , 1982 .

[185]  Joseph P. Forgas,et al.  Episode cognition and personality: A multidimensional analysis , 1983 .

[186]  N. Endler,et al.  A multidimensional measure of trait anxiety: the S-R inventory of general trait anxiousness. , 1975, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[187]  J. Kihlstrom,et al.  Prototype matching: a strategy for social decision making. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[188]  R. Larsen.  The stability of mood variability: A spectral analytic approach to daily mood assessments. , 1987 .

[189]  Seymour Epstein,et al.  Aggregation and beyond: Some basic issues on the prediction of behavior. , 1983, Journal of personality.

[190]  M. Mumford,et al.  Life history prototypes in the study of human individuality. , 1989, Journal of personality.

[191]  K. Dobson.  A regression analysis of the interactional approach to anxiety , 1983 .

[192]  L. G. Rorer.  Personality assessment: A conceptual survey. , 1990 .

[193]  C. L. Gruder,et al.  A Person−situation approach to altruistic behavior , 1986 .

[194]  N. Endler,et al.  Academic examinations and anxiety: The interaction model empirically tested , 1982 .

[195]  Altruism and aggression: Naturalistic observation of cooperation, helping, and sharing and their associations with empathy and affect , 1986 .

[196]  W. Chaplin,et al.  The next generation of moderator research in personality psychology. , 1991, Journal of personality.

[197]  J. P. Rushton,et al.  Evidence for an aggressive (and delinquent) personality. , 1987, The British journal of social psychology.

[198]  D. McAdams,et al.  Complexity and generativity at mid-life: Relations among social motives, ego development, and adults' plans for the future. , 1986 .

[199]  Wilbur J. Scott,et al.  A Model for Predicting Behavior: The Effect of Attitude and Social Class on High and Low Visibility Political Participation , 1980 .

[200]  J. Forgas.  Social episodes and social structure in an academic setting: The social environment of an intact group , 1978 .

[201]  A. Buss,et al.  Personality Traits , 1973 .

[202]  D. Funder.  On assessing social psychological theories through the study of individual differences: Template matching and forced compliance. , 1982 .

[203]  L. B. Miller.  Situational Determinants of Behavior in Preschool Classrooms. , 1975 .

[204]  D. Buss,et al.  A cross‐cultural comparison using the act frequency approach (AFA) in West Germany and the United States , 1990 .

[205]  B. Krahé.  Similar perceptions, similar reactions: An idiographic approach to cross-situational coherence , 1986 .

[206]  R. Cattell.  The description of personality: basic traits resolved into clusters. , 1943 .

[207]  A. Caspi,et al.  Personality continuity and change across the life course. , 1990 .

[208]  E. Goffman.  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life , 1959 .

[209]  F. Heider,et al.  Principles of topological psychology , 1936 .

[210]  Daryl J. Bem,et al.  Template matching: A proposal for probing the ecological validity of experimental settings in social psychology. , 1979 .

[211]  James J. Conley.  Relation of temporal stability and cross-situational consistency in personality: comment on the Mischel-Epstein debate. , 1984, Psychological review.

[212]  D. Buss.  Evolutionary personality psychology. , 2020, Annual review of psychology.

[213]  J. Guilford.  Factors and factors of personality. , 1975, Psychological bulletin.

[214]  R. Lerner.  A Life-Span Perspective for Early Adolescence , 2021, Biological-Psychosocial Interactions in Early Adolescence.

[215]  Paul R. Amato,et al.  The perceived dimensions of help-seeking episodes , 1985 .

[216]  S. J. Beck.  The science of personality: nomothetic or idiographic? , 2011, Psychological review.

[217]  R. G. Turner,et al.  Identifying the Situationally Variable Subject: Correspondence among Different Self-Report Formats , 1979 .

[218]  Gary P. Latham,et al.  Do people do what they say? Further studies on the situational interview. , 1984 .

[219]  R. Neufeld,et al.  The interactional model of anxiety: an evaluation of the differential hypothesis. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[220]  D. Buss.  Selection, evocation, and manipulation. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[221]  G. Āllport.  Personality: A Psychological Interpretation , 1938 .

[222]  Richard H. Price,et al.  Behavioral appropriateness and situational constraint as dimensions of social behavior. , 1974 .

[223]  M. Snyder,et al.  Choosing social situations: Investigating the origins of correspondence between attitudes and behavior , 1982 .

[224]  A. Tellegen,et al.  PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES An Alternative "Description of Personality": The Big-Five Factor Structure , 2022 .

[225]  B. Ekehammar,et al.  Interactionism in personality from a historical perspective. , 1974, Psychological bulletin.

[226]  D. Donat.  Predicting State Anxiety: A Comparison of Multidimensional and Unidimensional Trait Approaches. , 1983 .

[227]  E. Higgins.  Personality, social psychology, and person-situation relations: Standards and knowledge activation as a common language. , 1990 .

[228]  D. Kenrick.  A Biosocial Perspective on Mates and Traits: Reuniting Personality and Social Psychology , 1989 .

[229]  J. Gormly.  Predicting Behavior from Personality Trait Scores , 1983 .

[230]  David Arenberg,et al.  Enduring dispositions in adult males , 1980 .

[231]  D. Kenrick.  How Strong is the Case Against Contemporary Social and Personality Psychology?. A Response to Carlson , 1986 .

[232]  D. Olweus.  The consistency issue in personality psychology revisted--with special reference to aggression. , 1980, The British journal of social and clinical psychology.

[233]  S. Kreitler,et al.  The Cognitive Foundations of Personality Traits , 1990 .

[234]  D. Buss,et al.  American Psychological Association, Inc. Act Prediction and the Conceptual Analysis of Personality Scales: Indices of Act Density, Bipolarity, and Extensity , 2022 .

[235]  Sampo V. Paunonen,et al.  Consensus in Personality Judgments: Moderating Effects of Target-Rater Acquaintanceship and Behavior Observability , 1989 .

[236]  A. C. Elms.  The crisis of confidence in social psychology. , 1975 .

[237]  J M Horn,et al.  Heredity, environment, and personality change: evidence from the Texas Adoption Project. , 1990, Journal of personality.

[238]  Daryl J. Bem,et al.  ON PREDICTING SOME OF THE PEOPLE SOME OF THE TIME: THE SEARCH FOR CROSS-SITUATIONAL CONSISTENCIES IN BEHAVIOR , 1974 .

[239]  C. Dweck,et al.  A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality , 1988 .

[240]  D. McAdams.  The Development of a Narrative Identity , 1989 .

[241]  R. Vestewig.  Cross-response mode consistency in risk taking as a function of self-reported strategy and self-perceived consistency , 1978 .

[242]  ‘Behavioural interaction’ and ‘interactional psychology’ theories of personality: Similarities, differences, and the need for unification , 1980 .

[243]  R. G. Vleeming.  Some Sources of Behavioral Variance as Measured by an S-R Inventory of Machiavellianism , 1981 .

[244]  P. Costa,et al.  Personality in adulthood: a six-year longitudinal study of self-reports and spouse ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[245]  N. Cantor,et al.  Ups and downs of life tasks in a life transition. , 1989 .

[246]  M. Wallach,et al.  Testing the hypothesis that a person will be consistent: stylistic consistency versus situational specificity in size of children's drawings. , 1972, Journal of personality.

[247]  S. Read,et al.  Self-verification processes: How we sustain our self-conceptions , 1981 .

[248]  A. Stewart,et al.  The course of individual adaptation to life changes. , 1982, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[249]  H. Triandis.  Individual models of social behavior. , 1984 .

[250]  S. Epstein.  A research paradigm for the study of personality and emotions. , 1983, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

[251]  W. Mischel,et al.  Beyond déjà vu in the search for cross-situational consistency. , 1982 .

[252]  Lynn R. Kahle,et al.  Attitudes and social adaptation : a person-situation interaction approach , 1984 .

[253]  L. A. Pervin.  Personality: Theory and Research , 1984 .

[254]  R R HOLT,et al.  Individuality and generalization in the psychology of personality. , 1962, Journal of personality.

[255]  W. Hofstee.  The use of everyday personality language for scientific purposes , 1990 .

[256]  R. Hogan,et al.  The Biases in Contemporary Social Psychology , 1978 .

[257]  L P Lipsitt,et al.  Life-span developmental psychology. , 1980, Annual review of psychology.

[258]  D. Watson,et al.  The actor and the observer: How are their perceptions of causality divergent?. , 1982 .

[259]  O. John,et al.  Towards a taxonomy of personality descriptors in German: A psycho‐lexical study , 1990 .

[260]  P. L. Adams.  THE ORIGINS OF INTELLIGENCE IN CHILDREN , 1976 .

[261]  D. Moskowitz,et al.  Validity comparison of behavior counts and ratings by knowledgeable informants. , 1982 .

[262]  D. Magnusson.  The person and the situation in an international model of behavior , 1976 .

[263]  J Block,et al.  Critique of the act frequency approach to personality. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[264]  S. Hampson.  Reconciling inconsistent information: Impressions of personality from combinations of traits , 1990 .

[265]  Sense, nonsense, and the use of personality measures , 1983 .

[266]  M. Hyland.  Traits, processes, and the purpose of templates , 1985 .

[267]  W. Mischel.  Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. , 1973, Psychological review.

[268]  A. Furnham,et al.  The evidence for interactionism in psychology: A critical analysis of the situation-response inventories , 1983 .

[269]  P. Shaver,et al.  Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[270]  J. Forgas.  Social skills and the perception of interaction episodes , 1983 .

[271]  Robert A Emmons,et al.  The personal striving approach to personality. , 1989 .

[272]  D. Jackson,et al.  Nomothetic and idiothetic measurement in personality , 1986 .

[273]  S. Paunonen,et al.  On the accuracy of ratings of personality by strangers. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[274]  H. Livneh,et al.  The five-factor model of personality: Is evidence of its cross-measure validity premature? , 1989 .

[275]  R. Larsen.  A Process Approach to Personality Psychology: Utilizing Time as a Facet of Data , 1989 .

[276]  Leonard Berkowitz,et al.  WEAPONS AS AGGRESSION-ELICITING STIMULI. , 1967 .

[277]  L. A. Pervin.  Persons, Situations, Interactions, and the Future of Personality , 1984 .

[278]  P. Costa,et al.  Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[279]  M. A. Foss,et al.  Toward a further understanding of the intuitive personologist: Some preliminary evidence for the dialectical quality of subjective personality impressions , 1983 .

[280]  D. Funder,et al.  Behavior as a function of the situation. , 1983 .

[281]  R. Lazarus,et al.  Stress-Related Transactions between Person and Environment , 1978 .

[282]  D. C. Rowe.  Resolving the person–situation debate: Invitation to an interdisciplinary dialogue. , 1987 .

[283]  D. Magnusson.  Personality research—challenges for the future , 1990 .

[284]  Joseph P. Forgas,et al.  Episode Cognition: Internal Representations of Interaction Routines , 1982 .

[285]  Long-term stability and change in personality. , 1989, Journal of personality.

[286]  R. Dworkin,et al.  Processing bias: individual differences in the cognition of situations. , 1985, Journal of personality.

[287]  J. Cheek.  Aggregation, moderator variables, and the validity of personality tests: A peer-rating study. , 1982 .

[288]  J. Lamiell,et al.  Interactive measurement, idiothetic inquiry, and the challenge to conventional “nomotheticism” , 1986 .

[289]  Neuroticism, extraversion, and related traits in adult twins reared apart and reared together. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[290]  Brian R. Little,et al.  Personal Projects , 1983, The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences.

[291]  Darren Newtson,et al.  The Structure of Action and Interaction , 1987 .

[292]  Robert A Emmons,et al.  Personal strivings, daily life events, and psychological and physical well-being. , 1991, Journal of personality.

[293]  S. Rosenzweig.  Idiodynamics vis-à-vis psychology. , 1986 .

[294]  D. C. Zuroff.  Person, situation, and person-by-situation interaction components in person perception , 1982 .

[295]  N. Endler,et al.  The interaction model of anxiety and dental treatment , 1985 .

[296]  J. S. Shrauger,et al.  Symbolic interactionist view of self-concept: Through the looking glass darkly. , 1979 .

[297]  Paul T. Costa,et al.  From catalog to classification: Murray's needs and the five-factor model. , 1988 .

[298]  D. Magnusson,et al.  Human development : an interactional perspective , 1983 .

[299]  J. M. Digman,et al.  Factors In The Natural Language Of Personality: Re-Analysis, Comparison, And Interpretation Of Six Major Studies. , 1981, Multivariate behavioral research.

[300]  R. G. Turner.  Consistency, self-consciousness, and the predictive validity of typical and maximal personality measures , 1978 .

[301]  M. Snyder.  The influence of individuals on situations: Implications for understanding the links between personality and social behavior. , 1983, Journal of personality.

[302]  J. Asendorpf.  Individual response profiles in the behavioral assessment of personality , 1988 .

[303]  B. Krahé,et al.  Situation Cognition and Coherence in Personality: An Individual-Centred Approach , 1990 .

[304]  E. Diener,et al.  Situation selection as a moderator of response consistency and stability. , 1986 .

[305]  Roger C. Schank,et al.  Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: an inquiry into human knowledge structures , 1978 .

[306]  M. Snyder.  Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. , 1974 .

[307]  W. Mischel,et al.  Analyzing the construction of consistency in personality. , 1982 .

[308]  Ed Diener,et al.  Choice of situations and congruence models of interactionism , 1985 .

[309]  J. M. Digman.  PERSONALITY STRUCTURE: EMERGENCE OF THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL , 1990 .

[310]  M. Hyland.  Interactionism and the Person × Situation Debate , 1984 .

[311]  D. Kenrick,et al.  Interactionism, idiographics, and the social psychological invasion of personality. , 1983, Journal of personality.

[312]  William P. Alston,et al.  Traits, consistency and conceptual alternatives for personality theory. , 1975 .

[313]  Carolin J. Showers,et al.  Social Cognition: A Look at Motivated Strategies , 1985 .

[314]  C. P. Blacker,et al.  The scientific study of personality , 1955 .

[315]  Adrian Furnham,et al.  Personality and activity preference , 1981 .

[316]  A. Caspi,et al.  Moving away from the World: Life-Course Patterns of Shy Children. , 1988 .

[317]  J. Russell,et al.  A Description of the Affective Quality Attributed to Environments , 1980 .

[318]  Lawrence A. Pervin,et al.  Personality: Current Controversies, Issues, and Directions , 1985 .

[319]  M. Howe.  Biographical evidence and the development of outstanding individuals. , 1982 .

[320]  B. P. Allen,et al.  On the arbitrary distinction between states and traits. , 1981 .

[321]  Oliver P. John,et al.  The basic level in personality-trait hierarchies: studies of trait use and accessibility in different contexts. , 1991 .

[322]  Joseph P. Forgas,et al.  Social Episodes: The Study of Interaction Routines , 1980 .

[323]  J. Norem.  Cognitive Strategies as Personality: Effectiveness, Specificity, Flexibility, and Change , 1989 .

[324]  David Magnusson,et al.  Wanted: A psychology of situations , 1981 .

[325]  W. Mischel.  Convergences and challenges in the search for consistency. , 1984 .

[326]  C. Daniel Batson,et al.  Negative-state relief and the empathy—altruism hypothesis. , 1989 .

[327]  D. Magnusson.  Personality development from an interactional perspective. , 1990 .

[328]  S. Braver,et al.  Personality: Idiographic and Nomotheticp A rejoinder , 1982 .

[329]  Richard A. Shweder,et al.  The Social Construction of the Person: How Is it Possible? , 1985 .

[330]  Warren Thorngate,et al.  The Production, Detection, and Explanation of Behavioral Patterns , 1986 .

[331]  J. Forgas.  The Perception of Social Episodes: Categorical and Dimensional Representations in Two Different Social Milieus , 1981 .

[332]  J. Nesselroade,et al.  Patterns of Short-Term Changes in Individuals' Work Values: P-Technique Factor Analyses of Intraindividual Variability. , 1988, Multivariate behavioral research.

[333]  Peter Salovey,et al.  Mood and helping: Mood as a motivator of helping and helping as a regulator of mood. , 1991 .

[334]  P. Borkenau.  Toward an understanding of trait interrelations: Acts as instances for several traits. , 1986 .

[335]  J. Aronoff,et al.  Personality in the Social Process , 1985 .

[336]  N. Busch-Rossnagel,et al.  Individuals as producers of their development : a life-span perspective , 1981 .

[337]  A. Caspi,et al.  Individual differences are accentuated during periods of social change: the sample case of girls at puberty. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[338]  N. Cantor,et al.  Personality, cognition, and purposive behavior. , 1990 .

[339]  J. Felling,et al.  Types of stressful situations and their relation to trait anxiety and sex. , 1970, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[340]  P. Costa,et al.  The structure of interpersonal traits: Wiggins's circumplex and the five-factor model. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[341]  Richard A. Shweder,et al.  Fact and Artifact in Trait Perception: The Systematic Distortion Hypothesis , 1982 .

[342]  Myron Wish,et al.  Perceived Dimensions of Interpersonal Relations , 1981 .

[343]  S. Epstein.  The stability of confusion: A reply to Mischel and Peake. , 1983 .

[344]  Lawrence A. Pervin.  DEFINITIONS, MEASUREMENTS, AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF STIMULI, SITUATIONS, AND ENVIRONMENTS , 1975 .

[345]  Kenneth H. Craik,et al.  The Act Frequency Approach to Personality , 1983 .

[346]  L. Penner,et al.  MODERATOR VARIABLES AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF PREDICTABILITY: DO YOU HAVE A MATCH? , 1985 .

[347]  Lawrence A. Pervin,et al.  Perspectives in Interactional Psychology , 1978 .

[348]  R. Plutchik.  Emotion, a psychoevolutionary synthesis , 1980 .

[349]  K. Craik.  Personality research methods: An historical perspective , 1986 .

[350]  J. S. Wiggins,et al.  A psychological taxonomy of trait-descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain. , 1979 .

[351]  Students' Perceptions of the College Milieu , 1980 .

[352]  S. Briggs,et al.  The Optimal Level of Measurement for Personality Constructs , 1989 .

[353]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[354]  C. Woodruffe.  The consistency of presented personality: Additional evidence from aggregation , 1984 .

[355]  D. Funder.  The "consistency" controversy and the accuracy of personality judgments. , 1983, Journal of personality.

[356]  R. Hogan,et al.  Explorations in behavioral consistency: properties of persons, situations, and behaviors. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[357]  D. Marlowe,et al.  The Approval Motive: Studies in Evaluative Dependence , 1980 .

[358]  M. Zuckerman,et al.  The sensation seeking motive. , 1974, Progress in experimental personality research.

[359]  A. Angleitner,et al.  Acts and dispositions: A reconsideration of the Act Frequency Approach , 1988 .

[360]  A. Silverstein.  The Developmental Psychology of Jean Piaget , 1965 .

[361]  K. Moser.  The Act-Frequency Approach , 1989 .

[362]  W. Stern.  Die differentielle Psychologie in ihren methodischen Grundlagen , 1911 .

[363]  D. W. Fiske.  Strategies for personality research , 1978 .

[364]  D. Funder.  On seeing ourselves as others see us: Self–other agreement and discrepancy in personality ratings. , 1980 .

[365]  C. Daniel Batson,et al.  Is Empathic Emotion a Source of Altruistic Motivation , 1981 .

[366]  Ralph B. Taylor.  Perception of Density , 1981 .

[367]  J. Loevinger,et al.  Personality: Stages, Traits, and the Self , 1983 .

[368]  E. Klinger.  Meaning and Void: Inner Experience and the Incentives in People’s Lives , 1978 .

[369]  D. Bem,et al.  Constructing a theory of the triple typology: Some (second) thoughts on nomothetic and idiographic approaches to personality. , 1983, Journal of personality.

[370]  Michael F. Scheier,et al.  Effects of public and private self-consciousness on the public expression of personal beliefs , 1980 .

[371]  R. McCrae.  Traits and trait names: How well is Openness represented in natural languages? , 1990 .

[372]  R. Price.  The Taxonomic Classification of Behaviors and Situations and the Problem of Behavior-Environment Congruence , 1974 .

[373]  H. B. Kaplan.  Social psychology of self-referent behavior , 1986 .

[374]  R. Abelson.  Psychological status of the script concept. , 1981 .

[375]  W. Mischel,et al.  A conditional approach to dispositional constructs: the local predictability of social behavior. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[376]  S. West.  Personality and prediction: An introduction. , 1983, Journal of personality.

[377]  W. Mischel.  Alternatives in the pursuit of the predictability and consistency of persons: Stable data that yield unstable interpretations. , 1983, Journal of personality.

[378]  Norman S. Endler,et al.  The interaction model of anxiety: An empirical test in an examination situation. , 1977 .

[379]  J. P. Rushton,et al.  Sir Francis Galton, epigenetic rules, genetic similarity theory, and human life-history analysis. , 1990, Journal of personality.

[380]  W. Revelle,et al.  Predicting variability from perceived situational similarity , 1986 .

[381]  D. Magnusson,et al.  Toward an interactional psychology of personality. , 1976, Psychological bulletin.

[382]  Harrison G. Gough,et al.  The adjective check list manual , 1983 .

[383]  J. Wakefield.  Levels of Explanation in Personality Theory , 1989 .

[384]  D. McAdams,et al.  Power, Intimacy and the Life Story: Personological Inquiries into Identity , 1985 .

[385]  K. Fiedler,et al.  The cognitive functions of linguistic categories in describing persons: Social cognition and language. , 1988 .

[386]  P. Walschburger.  Psychophysiological Activation Research , 1986 .

[387]  J. Singer,et al.  Personality: Developments in the Study of Private Experience , 1987 .

[388]  K S Bowers,et al.  Situationism in psychology: an analysis and a critique. , 1973, Psychological review.

[389]  R. Larsen,et al.  Choice and avoidance of everyday situations and affect congruence: Two models of reciprocal interactionism. , 1986 .

[390]  H. Hermans.  On the Integration of Nomothetic and Idiographic Research Methods in the Study of Personal Meaning , 1988 .

[391]  Joel Rudd,et al.  5 – Situated Identities and Response Variables , 1981 .

[392]  D. Funder,et al.  Profiting from controversy. Lessons from the person-situation debate. , 1988, The American psychologist.

[393]  Niels G. Waller,et al.  Is it time for clinical psychology to embrace the five-factor model of personality? , 1987 .

[394]  E. Erikson,et al.  Childhood and Society , 1951 .

[395]  D. Zuroff.  Was Gordon Allport a trait theorist , 1986 .

[396]  Gordon W. Allport,et al.  Pattern and growth in personality , 1961 .

[397]  Toward a response style theory of persons in situations. , 1983, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

[398]  Jennifer A. Chatman.  Improving Interactional Organizational Research: A Model of Person-Organization Fit , 1989 .

[399]  L. A. Pervin.  A brief history of modern personality theory , 1990 .

[400]  R. Gifford.  Affiliativeness: A trait measure in relation to single-act and multiple-act behavioral criteria , 1982 .

[401]  Lawrence A. Pervin,et al.  Performance and satisfaction as a function of individual-environment fit. , 1968 .

[402]  J. B. Maller.  General and Specific Factors in Character , 1934 .

[403]  Walter Mischel,et al.  On the interface of cognition and personality: Beyond the person–situation debate. , 1979 .

[404]  R Plomin,et al.  Behavioral genetics and personality change. , 1990, Journal of personality.

[405]  W. Mischel.  Introduction to personality , 1971 .

[406]  M. Hoffman.  Is altruism part of human nature , 1981 .

[407]  David C. Funder,et al.  Predicting more of the people more of the time: Assessing the personality of situations. , 1978 .

[408]  E. Staub.  Notes toward an Interactionist-Motivational Theory of the Determinants and Development of (Pro)Social Behavior , 1984 .

[409]  Albert Mehrabian,et al.  Characteristic individual reactions to preferred and unpreferred environments1 , 1978 .

[410]  Appraisal of stressful situations. , 1989 .

[411]  David C. Rowe,et al.  Personality Theory and Behavioral Genetics: Contributions and Issues , 1989 .

[412]  R. Corsini.  Current Personality Theories , 1977 .

[413]  J. Nicholls,et al.  Some dangers of using personality questionnaires to study personality. , 1982 .

[414]  David Magnusson,et al.  Similar situations—Similar behaviors?: A study of the intraindividual congruence between situation perception and situation reactions☆ , 1978 .

[415]  E. Reed.  The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception , 1989 .

[416]  J. S. Wiggins,et al.  Extension of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales to include the Big Five dimensions of personality. , 1990 .

[417]  S. Hampson,et al.  The Construction of Personality , 2019, The Construction of Personality.

[418]  E. J. Bourne,et al.  Does the Concept of the Person Vary Cross-Culturally? , 1982 .

[419]  P. Witt,et al.  Sources of behavioral variance during leisure time , 1970 .

[420]  Sampo V. Paunonen,et al.  Optimizing the validity of personality assessments: The importance of aggregation and item content ☆ , 1984 .

[421]  D. Bem.  Further déjà vu in the search for cross-situational consistency: a response to Mischel and Peake , 1983 .

[422]  P. Costa,et al.  Self-concept and the stability of personality: Cross-sectional comparisons of self-reports and ratings , 1982 .

[423]  W. Mischel,et al.  Some facets of consistency: Replies to Epstein, Funder, and Bem. , 1983 .

[424]  Seymour Epstein,et al.  The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people much of the time. , 1979 .

[425]  Nathan Brody,et al.  Personality in Search of Individuality , 1988 .

[426]  S. Finn.  Stability of personality self-ratings over 30 years: evidence for an age/cohort interaction. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[427]  S. Hampson.  Using Traits to Construct Personality , 1989 .

[428]  A. Caspi.  On the Continuities and Consequences of Personality: A Life-Course Perspective , 1989 .

[429]  Robert A Emmons.  Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. , 1986 .

[430]  D. Kandel,et al.  Attitude and behavior: a specification of the contingent consistency hypothesis. , 1979, American sociological review.

[431]  M. Snyder.  Public Appearances, Private Realities: The Psychology of Self-Monitoring , 1986 .

[432]  W. T. Norman,et al.  Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: replicated factors structure in peer nomination personality ratings. , 1963, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[433]  Ann Marrinr,et al.  Improving Leadership Effectiveness: The Leader Match Concept , 1979 .

[434]  John B. Nezlek,et al.  Physical attractiveness in social interaction. , 1980 .

[435]  J. Jaccard,et al.  Idiographic and nomothetic perspectives on research methods and data analysis , 1990 .

[436]  H. Weber,et al.  Person‐centred coping research , 1987 .

[437]  Harvey W. Zorbaugh,et al.  The child in America , 1928 .

[438]  Paul T. Costa,et al.  Adjective Check List Scales and the Five-Factor Model , 1991 .

[439]  D. Magnusson.  An Analysis of Situational Dimensions , 1971 .

[440]  S. Paunonen.  Trait Relevance and the Differential Predictability of Behavior , 1988 .

[441]  N. Campus.  Transituational consistency as a dimension of personality. , 1974, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[442]  D. Magnusson,et al.  Dimensions of Stressful Situations: A Comparison Between a Response Analytical and a Stimulus Analytical Approach , 1975 .

[443]  C. Woodruffe.  Consensual validation of personality traits: Additional evidence and individual differences. , 1985 .

[444]  N L Segal,et al.  Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[445]  W. Mischel,et al.  Getting lost in the search for large coefficients: reply to Conley. , 1984 .

[446]  P. Borkenau.  The multiple classification of acts and the big five factors of personality , 1988 .

[447]  L. A. Pervin,et al.  The content of personality inventory items. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[448]  E. Diener,et al.  An interactional approach to the study of personality and emotion. , 1986 .