Smear analysis for multi phase TDI CCD in panoramic remote sensing systems

Abstract Multi-phase Time Delay and Integration (TDI) remote sensing systems have the potential to introduce large amount of smear. Image resolution in the scan direction is usually lower than that in the cross scan direction. In designing these systems, it is helpful to understand how smear in the scan direction degrades the image quality. This paper presents a thorough understanding of the causes of along scan smear and a mathematical model that describes the smear in the along scan direction. Also the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) losses are analyzed based on the novel model. At last a series of image simulations are performed in which along scan smear (with stage number N equal to 16, 32 and 96) is introduced.

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