Whole-cell biocatalysis for selective and productive C-O functional group introduction and modification.

During the last decades, biocatalysis became of increasing importance for chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Regarding regio- and stereospecificity, enzymes have shown to be superior compared to traditional chemical synthesis approaches, especially in C-O functional group chemistry. Catalysts established on a process level are diverse and can be classified along a functional continuum starting with single-step biotransformations using isolated enzymes or microbial strains towards fermentative processes with recombinant microorganisms containing artificial synthetic pathways. The complex organization of respective enzymes combined with aspects such as cofactor dependency and low stability in isolated form often favors the use of whole cells over that of isolated enzymes. Based on an inventory of the large spectrum of biocatalytic C-O functional group chemistry, this review focuses on highlighting the potentials, limitations, and solutions offered by the application of self-regenerating microbial cells as biocatalysts. Different cellular functionalities are discussed in the light of their (possible) contribution to catalyst efficiency. The combined achievements in the areas of protein, genetic, metabolic, and reaction engineering enable the development of whole-cell biocatalysts as powerful tools in organic synthesis.

[1]  M. Pepsin,et al.  Application of metabolic engineering to improve both the production and use of biotech indigo , 2002, Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[2]  J. Russell,et al.  Energetics of bacterial growth: balance of anabolic and catabolic reactions. , 1995, Microbiological reviews.

[3]  A. Schmid,et al.  Resting cells of recombinant E. coli show high epoxidation yields on energy source and high sensitivity to product inhibition , 2012, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[4]  Bernhard Hauer,et al.  The efficiency of recombinant Escherichia coli as biocatalyst for stereospecific epoxidation , 2006, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[5]  Kyoung-Rok Kim,et al.  Production of 10-hydroxystearic acid from oleic acid by whole cells of recombinant Escherichia coli containing oleate hydratase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. , 2012, Journal of biotechnology.

[6]  Uwe T. Bornscheuer,et al.  Discovery and Protein Engineering of Biocatalysts for Organic Synthesis , 2011 .

[7]  Lucia Gardossi,et al.  Guidelines for reporting of biocatalytic reactions. , 2010, Trends in biotechnology.

[8]  M. Mihovilovic,et al.  Monooxygenase‐Mediated Baeyer−Villiger Oxidations , 2002 .

[9]  J. Nielsen,et al.  Industrial systems biology. , 2010, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[10]  L. Blank,et al.  Redox biocatalysis and metabolism: molecular mechanisms and metabolic network analysis. , 2010, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[11]  H. Rehm,et al.  Formation ofα,ω-dodecanedioic acid andα,ω-tridecanedioic acid from different substrates by immobilized cells of a mutant ofCandida tropicalis , 1982, European journal of applied microbiology and biotechnology.

[12]  C. Gualerzi,et al.  Translational control of prokaryotic gene expression. , 1990, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[13]  B. Berg Going Forward Laterally: Transmembrane Passage of Hydrophobic Molecules through Protein Channel Walls , 2010 .

[14]  J. Mielenz,et al.  Metabolic Engineering of Candida Tropicalis for the Production of Long–Chain Dicarboxylic Acids , 1992, Bio/Technology.

[15]  Thomas A. Bobik,et al.  Protein Content of Polyhedral Organelles Involved in Coenzyme B12-Dependent Degradation of 1,2-Propanediol in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium LT2 , 2003, Journal of bacteriology.

[16]  D. Weuster‐Botz,et al.  Whole-cell biocatalysis: Evaluation of new hydrophobic ionic liquids for efficient asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones , 2009 .

[17]  C. Li,et al.  Optimal pH control strategy for high-level production of long-chain α, ω-dicarboxylic acid by Candida tropicalis , 2004 .

[18]  B. Shapiro,et al.  The NADH dehydrogenase of the respiratory chain of Escherichia coli. I. Properties of the membrane-bound enzyme, its solubilization, and purification to near homogeneity. , 1976, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[19]  Daniel Kuhn,et al.  Intensification and economic and ecological assessment of a biocatalytic oxyfunctionalization process , 2010 .

[20]  J. Stewart Dehydrogenases and transaminases in asymmetric synthesis. , 2001, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[21]  B. Buckland,et al.  Development of a large‐scale continuous substrate feed process for the biotransformation of simvastatin by Nocardia s.p. , 1991, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[22]  I. Shiio,et al.  Microbial Production of Long-chain Dicarboxylic Acids from n-Alkanes , 1971 .

[23]  Ana Segura,et al.  Mechanisms of solvent tolerance in gram-negative bacteria. , 2002, Annual review of microbiology.

[24]  Sang Yup Lee,et al.  Systems biotechnology for strain improvement. , 2005, Trends in biotechnology.

[25]  E. Marcotte,et al.  Absolute protein expression profiling estimates the relative contributions of transcriptional and translational regulation , 2007, Nature Biotechnology.

[26]  D. Petranovic,et al.  Tunable promoters in systems biology. , 2005, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[27]  T. Lee,et al.  Peroxide oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes by chloroperoxidase catalysis. , 1983, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[28]  A. Schmid,et al.  Characterization of a biofilm membrane reactor and its prospects for fine chemical synthesis , 2009, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[29]  V. Alphand,et al.  Microbial Transformations, 56. Preparative Scale Asymmetric Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation using a Highly Productive “Two‐in‐One” Resin‐Based in situ SFPR Concept , 2004 .

[30]  A M Chakrabarty,et al.  Genetic regulation of octane dissimilation plasmid in Pseudomonas. , 1973, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[31]  C. Larroche,et al.  Optimization of isonovalal production from α-pinene oxide using permeabilized cells of Pseudomonas rhodesiae CIP 107491 , 2002, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[32]  Eric Klavins,et al.  Fine-tuning gene networks using simple sequence repeats , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[33]  Y. Peleg,et al.  Optimization of L‐malic acid production by Aspergillus flavus in a stirred fermentor , 1991, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[34]  Mojca Benčina,et al.  DNA-guided assembly of biosynthetic pathways promotes improved catalytic efficiency , 2011, Nucleic acids research.

[35]  M. Bott,et al.  Increased NADPH availability in Escherichia coli: improvement of the product per glucose ratio in reductive whole-cell biotransformation , 2011, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[36]  H. Heipieper,et al.  Energetics and Surface Properties of Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E in a Two-Phase Fermentation System with 1-Decanol as Second Phase , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[37]  J. Monod,et al.  Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. , 1961, Journal of molecular biology.

[38]  F J Weber,et al.  Adaptation mechanisms of microorganisms to the toxic effects of organic solvents on membranes. , 1996, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[39]  J. Jose,et al.  Cellular surface display of dimeric Adx and whole cell P450-mediated steroid synthesis on E. coli. , 2002, Journal of biotechnology.

[40]  R. G. Mathys,et al.  Developments toward large-scale bacterial bioprocesses in the presence of bulk amounts of organic solvents , 1998, Extremophiles.

[41]  Mathys,et al.  Integrated two-liquid phase bioconversion and product-recovery processes for the oxidation of alkanes: process design and economic evaluation , 1999, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[42]  D. Craft,et al.  Identification and Characterization of the CYP52 Family of Candida tropicalis ATCC 20336, Important for the Conversion of Fatty Acids and Alkanes to α,ω-Dicarboxylic Acids , 2003, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[43]  Andreas Schmid,et al.  Practical issues in the application of oxygenases. , 2003, Trends in biotechnology.

[44]  K. O’Connor,et al.  Indigo formation by microorganisms expressing styrene monooxygenase activity , 1997, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[45]  L. Blank,et al.  Metabolic response of Pseudomonas putida during redox biocatalysis in the presence of a second octanol phase , 2008, The FEBS journal.

[46]  Y. Ni,et al.  Accelerating whole‐cell biocatalysis by reducing outer membrane permeability barrier , 2004, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[47]  M. Teese,et al.  Autodisplay of functional CYP106A2 in Escherichia coli. , 2012, Journal of biotechnology.

[48]  I. Arends,et al.  Biocatalytic oxidation by chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago in polymersome nanoreactors. , 2009, Organic and biomolecular chemistry.

[49]  H. Nikaido,et al.  Molecular basis of bacterial outer membrane permeability. , 1985, Microbiological reviews.

[50]  George H. McArthur,et al.  Toward Engineering Synthetic Microbial Metabolism , 2009, Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology.

[51]  Timothy S. Ham,et al.  Production of the antimalarial drug precursor artemisinic acid in engineered yeast , 2006, Nature.

[52]  J. Woodley,et al.  Choice of biocatalyst form for scalable processes. , 2006, Biochemical Society transactions.

[53]  T. Bobik,et al.  The Propanediol Utilization (pdu) Operon ofSalmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium LT2 Includes Genes Necessary for Formation of Polyhedral Organelles Involved in Coenzyme B12-Dependent 1,2-Propanediol Degradation , 1999, Journal of bacteriology.

[54]  T. Voelker,et al.  Modification of the substrate specificity of an acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase by protein engineering. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[55]  Claudia Schmidt-Dannert,et al.  Engineered Protein Nano-Compartments for Targeted Enzyme Localization , 2012, PloS one.

[56]  M. Wubbolts,et al.  Biosynthesis of synthons in two-liquid-phase media. , 2000, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[57]  H. Heipieper,et al.  Solvent-tolerant bacteria for biotransformations in two-phase fermentation systems , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[58]  P. R. Jensen,et al.  Artificial promoters for metabolic optimization. , 1998, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[59]  D. Clark,et al.  Deactivation mechanisms of chloroperoxidase during biotransformations , 2006, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[60]  S. Hashimoto,et al.  Construction of a novel hydroxyproline-producing recombinant Escherichia coli by introducing a proline 4-hydroxylase gene. , 2000, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[61]  N. J. Titchener-Hooker,et al.  The use of windows of operation as a bioprocess design tool , 1996 .

[62]  L. Tamm,et al.  The Outer Membrane Protein OmpW Forms an Eight-stranded β-Barrel with a Hydrophobic Channel* , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[63]  C. Ockenhouse,et al.  Effect of Codon Optimization on Expression Levels of a Functionally Folded Malaria Vaccine Candidate in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Expression Systems , 2003, Infection and Immunity.

[64]  R. Sheldon,et al.  A SIMPLE PURIFICATION METHOD FOR CHLOROPEROXIDASE AND ITS USE IN ORGANIC MEDIA , 1994 .

[65]  T. Poulos,et al.  The crystal structure of chloroperoxidase: a heme peroxidase--cytochrome P450 functional hybrid. , 1995, Structure.

[66]  J. Keasling,et al.  Engineering microbial biofuel tolerance and export using efflux pumps , 2011, Molecular systems biology.

[67]  John M Woodley,et al.  Reactor Operation and Scale‐Up of Whole Cell Baeyer‐Villiger Catalyzed Lactone Synthesis , 2002, Biotechnology progress.

[68]  J. Bont,et al.  Solvent-tolerant bacteria in biocatalysis , 1998 .

[69]  Kyoung Lee Benzene-Induced Uncoupling of Naphthalene Dioxygenase Activity and Enzyme Inactivation by Production of Hydrogen Peroxide , 1999, Journal of bacteriology.

[70]  J. Woodley,et al.  Towards large-scale synthetic applications of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. , 2003, Trends in biotechnology.

[71]  B. Ensley,et al.  Construction of Metabolic Operons Catalyzing the De Novo Biosynthesis of Indigo in Escherichia coli , 1993, Bio/Technology.

[72]  Christopher C. Moser,et al.  Design and engineering of an O(2) transport protein , 2009, Nature.

[73]  R. Guthke,et al.  High-cell-density cultivation of microorganisms , 1999, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[74]  Đ. Vasić-Rački,et al.  Production of L-Malic Acid by Permeabilized Cells of Commercial Saccharomyces Sp. Strains , 2005, Biotechnology Letters.

[75]  Karin Hofstetter,et al.  Coupling of biocatalytic asymmetric epoxidation with NADH regeneration in organic-aqueous emulsions. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[76]  Andreas Schmid,et al.  Process and catalyst design objectives for specific redox biocatalysis. , 2006, Advances in applied microbiology.

[77]  I. J. van der Klei,et al.  Yeast peroxisomes: function and biogenesis of a versatile cell organelle. , 1997, Trends in microbiology.

[78]  S. A. Rothen,et al.  Biotransformation of octane by E. coli HB101[pGEc47] on defined medium: octanoate production and product inhibition. , 1998, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[79]  S. Govindarajan,et al.  Codon bias and heterologous protein expression. , 2004, Trends in biotechnology.

[80]  A. Hinnebusch Translational regulation of GCN4 and the general amino acid control of yeast. , 2005, Annual review of microbiology.

[81]  A. Schmid,et al.  Maximizing the productivity of catalytic biofilms on solid supports in membrane aerated reactors , 2010, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[82]  Bernhard Hauer,et al.  Preparation of (R)‐2‐(4‐hydroxyphenoxy) propionic acid by biotransformation , 1996 .

[83]  R. Sheldon,et al.  Selective oxygen transfer catalysed by heme peroxidases: synthetic and mechanistic aspects. , 2000, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[84]  A. Daugulis,et al.  Enhanced bioproduction of carvone in a two‐liquid‐phase partitioning bioreactor with a highly hydrophobic biocatalyst , 2008, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[85]  S. Smirnov,et al.  A novel l-isoleucine hydroxylating enzyme, l-isoleucine dioxygenase from Bacillus thuringiensis, produces (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine. , 2009, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[86]  Annie Frelet-Barrand,et al.  Heterologous Expression of Membrane Proteins: Choosing the Appropriate Host , 2011, PloS one.

[87]  J. Galazzo,et al.  Characterization of product capture resin during microbial cultivations , 2006, Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[88]  R. Hale,et al.  Codon optimization of the gene encoding a domain from human type 1 neurofibromin protein results in a threefold improvement in expression level in Escherichia coli. , 1998, Protein expression and purification.

[89]  F. Hill,et al.  Studies on the formation of long-chain dicarboxylic acids from puren-alkanes by a mutant ofCandida tropicalis , 1986, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[90]  Eric A. Althoff,et al.  Kemp elimination catalysts by computational enzyme design , 2008, Nature.

[91]  G J Lye,et al.  Application of in situ product-removal techniques to biocatalytic processes. , 1999, Trends in biotechnology.

[92]  H. Sahm,et al.  Functional expression of the glucose transporter of Zymomonas mobilis leads to restoration of glucose and fructose uptake in Escherichia coli mutants and provides evidence for its facilitator action , 1995, Journal of bacteriology.

[93]  O. Käppeli,et al.  Metabolic conditions determining the composition and catalytic activity of cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases in Candida tropicalis , 1984, Journal of bacteriology.

[94]  M. Werf,et al.  Permeabilization and lysis of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes cells by Triton X-100 for efficient production of d-malate , 1995, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[95]  Paul N. Devine,et al.  Biocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Amines from Ketones Applied to Sitagliptin Manufacture , 2010, Science.

[96]  B. Shapiro,et al.  The NADH dehydrogenase of the respiratory chain of Escherichia coli. II. Kinetics of the purified enzyme and the effects of antibodies elicited against it on membrane-bound and free enzyme. , 1976, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[97]  M. Mattey The production of organic acids. , 1992, Critical reviews in biotechnology.

[98]  Andreas Schmid,et al.  Changing the Substrate Reactivity of 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 3-Monooxygenase from Pseudomonas azelaica HBP1 by Directed Evolution* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[99]  John M. Woodley,et al.  Future directions for in‐situ product removal (ISPR) , 2008 .

[100]  J. Stewart,et al.  Understanding and Improving NADPH‐Dependent Reactions by Nongrowing Escherichia coli Cells , 2008, Biotechnology progress.

[101]  J. D. de Bont,et al.  High-rate 3-methylcatechol production in Pseudomonas putida strains by means of a novel expression system , 2001, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[102]  A. Schmid,et al.  Biochemical Characterization of StyAB from Pseudomonas sp. Strain VLB120 as a Two-Component Flavin-Diffusible Monooxygenase , 2004, Journal of bacteriology.

[103]  C. Wandrey,et al.  Highly Regio- and Enantioselective Reduction of 3,5-Dioxocarboxylates. , 2000, Angewandte Chemie.

[104]  Urs von Stockar,et al.  In situ product removal (ISPR) in whole cell biotechnology during the last twenty years. , 2003, Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology.

[105]  H. Müller,et al.  Function and regulation of cytochrome P-450 in alkane-assimilating yeast , 1987, Archives of Microbiology.

[106]  F. Arnold,et al.  Enzymatic functionalization of carbon-hydrogen bonds. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[107]  B. Valderrama,et al.  Suicide inactivation of peroxidases and the challenge of engineering more robust enzymes. , 2002, Chemistry & biology.

[108]  Hal S Alper,et al.  Innovation at the intersection of synthetic and systems biology. , 2012, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[109]  Rachel Ruizhen Chen,et al.  Permeability issues in whole-cell bioprocesses and cellular membrane engineering , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[110]  J. Tramper,et al.  Optimisation of Microbial 3-methylcatechol Production as Affected by Culture Conditions , 2002 .

[111]  Frances H Arnold,et al.  Evolutionary history of a specialized p450 propane monooxygenase. , 2008, Journal of molecular biology.

[112]  H. Heipieper,et al.  Mechanisms of resistance of whole cells to toxic organic solvents , 1994 .

[113]  C. Gustafsson,et al.  You're one in a googol: optimizing genes for protein expression , 2009, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[114]  K. Horikoshi,et al.  Novel Toluene Elimination System in a Toluene-Tolerant Microorganism , 2000, Journal of bacteriology.

[115]  U. Sauer,et al.  Experimental Identification and Quantification of Glucose Metabolism in Seven Bacterial Species , 2005, Journal of bacteriology.

[116]  J. Kingma,et al.  Substrate specificity of the alkane hydroxylase system of Pseudomonas oleovorans GPo1 , 1994 .

[117]  H. D. Simpson,et al.  Microbiological transformations: 49. Asymmetric biocatalysed Baeyer–Villiger oxidation: improvement using a recombinant Escherichia coli whole cell biocatalyst in the presence of an adsorbent resin , 2001 .

[118]  Bernhard Hauer,et al.  Use of the two-liquid phase concept to exploit kinetically controlled multistep biocatalysis. , 2003, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[119]  Elmar Heinzle,et al.  Development of Sustainable Bioprocesses: Modeling and Assessment , 2007 .

[120]  H. Heipieper,et al.  The cis-trans isomerase of unsaturated fatty acids in Pseudomonas and Vibrio: biochemistry, molecular biology and physiological function of a unique stress adaptive mechanism. , 2003, FEMS microbiology letters.

[121]  A. Schmid,et al.  Productivity of Selective Electroenzymatic Reduction and Oxidation Reactions: Theoretical and Practical Considerations , 2006 .

[122]  J. Shively,et al.  Functional Organelles in Prokaryotes: Polyhedral Inclusions (Carboxysomes) of Thiobacillus neapolitanus , 1973, Science.

[123]  Jo Maertens,et al.  Construction and model-based analysis of a promoter library for E. coli: an indispensable tool for metabolic engineering , 2007, BMC biotechnology.

[124]  W. Hummel Large-scale applications of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases: recent developments. , 1999, Trends in biotechnology.

[125]  J. Shively,et al.  Comparative Ultrastructure of the Thiobacilli , 1970, Journal of bacteriology.

[126]  M. Wubbolts,et al.  An integrated process for the production of toxic catechols from toxic phenols based on a designer biocatalyst. , 1999, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[127]  C. Hack,et al.  The use of oxygen uptake rate measurements to control the supply of toxic substrate: toluene hydroxylation by Pseudomonas putida UV4. , 2001, Enzyme and microbial technology.

[128]  E. Behrman The bacterial oxidation of nicotinic acid , 1957, Archives of Microbiology.

[129]  H. Rehm,et al.  Mechanisms and Occurrence of Microbial Oxidation of Long-Chain Alkanes , 1981, Reactors and Reactions.

[130]  P. K. Ajikumar,et al.  The future of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology: towards a systematic practice. , 2012, Metabolic engineering.

[131]  D. Hekmat,et al.  Optimization of the microbial synthesis of dihydroxyacetone in a semi-continuous repeated-fed-batch process by in situ immobilization of Gluconobacter oxydans , 2007 .

[132]  M. Cánovas,et al.  Permeabilization of Escherichia coli cells in the biotransformation of trimethylammonium compounds into l-carnitine , 2005 .

[133]  M. Dunlop Engineering microbes for tolerance to next-generation biofuels , 2011, Biotechnology for biofuels.

[134]  K. V. van Wijk,et al.  Consequences of Membrane Protein Overexpression in Escherichia coli*S , 2007, Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.

[135]  Andreas Schmid,et al.  Heme-iron oxygenases: powerful industrial biocatalysts? , 2008, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[136]  Andreas Schmid,et al.  The production of fine chemicals by biotransformations. , 2002, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[137]  A. Schmid,et al.  Non-enzymatic regeneration of nicotinamide and flavin cofactors for monooxygenase catalysis. , 2006, Trends in biotechnology.

[138]  Y. Ni,et al.  Lipoprotein Mutation Accelerates Substrate Permeability‐Limited Toluene Dioxygenase‐Catalyzed Reaction , 2008, Biotechnology progress.

[139]  W. Hummel Reduction of acetophenone to R(+)-phenylethanol by a new alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus kefir , 1990, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[140]  L. Leive THE BARRIER FUNCTION OF THE GRAM‐NEGATIVE ENVELOPE , 1974, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[141]  Y. Anraku,et al.  Genetic and physical characterization of putP, the proline carrier gene of Escherichia coli K12 , 2004, Molecular and General Genetics MGG.

[142]  Đ. Vasić-Rački,et al.  Comparison of the l-malic acid production by isolated fumarase and fumarase in permeabilized baker's yeast cells , 2007 .

[143]  S. Harayama,et al.  Substrate specificity differences between two catechol 2,3-dioxygenases encoded by the TOL and NAH plasmids from Pseudomonas putida. , 1995, European journal of biochemistry.

[144]  B Hauer,et al.  Xylene Monooxygenase Catalyzes the Multistep Oxygenation of Toluene and Pseudocumene to Corresponding Alcohols, Aldehydes, and Acids in Escherichia coli JM101* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[145]  A. Glieder,et al.  Engineering primary metabolic pathways of industrial micro-organisms. , 2007, Journal of biotechnology.

[146]  C. Nakamura,et al.  Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of 1,3-propanediol. , 2003, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[147]  E. G. Funhoff,et al.  Expanding the alkane oxygenase toolbox: new enzymes and applications. , 2005, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[148]  Nicola Zamboni,et al.  Reducing maintenance metabolism by metabolic engineering of respiration improves riboflavin production by Bacillus subtilis. , 2003, Metabolic engineering.

[149]  Frances H Arnold,et al.  Engineered alkane-hydroxylating cytochrome P450(BM3) exhibiting nativelike catalytic properties. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[150]  John M. Woodley,et al.  Characterization of a recombinant Escherichia coli TOP10 [pQR239] whole-cell biocatalyst for stereoselective Baeyer–Villiger oxidations , 2003 .

[151]  M. J. Coon,et al.  Fatty acid and hydrocarbon hydroxylation in yeast: role of cytochrome P-450 in Candida tropicalis. , 1971, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[152]  M. Franssen Halogaenation and oxidation reactions with haloperoxidases. , 1994 .

[153]  A. Kiener,et al.  Industrial biocatalysis today and tomorrow , 2001, Nature.

[154]  H. Müller,et al.  Function and regulation of cytochrome P-450 in alkane-assimilating yeast , 1987, Archives of Microbiology.

[155]  Dirk Weuster-Botz,et al.  Evaluation of parallel milliliter-scale stirred-tank bioreactors for the study of biphasic whole-cell biocatalysis with ionic liquids. , 2012, Journal of biotechnology.

[156]  A. Liese,et al.  Diastereoselective synthesis of optically active (2R,5R)-hexanediol , 2002, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[157]  Frances H. Arnold,et al.  Laboratory evolution of a soluble, self-sufficient, highly active alkane hydroxylase , 2002, Nature Biotechnology.

[158]  D. Becher,et al.  Oxygenation Cascade in Conversion of n-Alkanes to α,ω-Dioic Acids Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 52A3* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[159]  Bernhard Hauer,et al.  Characterization and Application of Xylene Monooxygenase for Multistep Biocatalysis , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[160]  B. Nidetzky,et al.  Microbial Cell Factories , 2020, Microbial Systematics.

[161]  B. Witholt,et al.  PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY ALIPHATIC-ALCOHOLS WITH A RECOMBINANT PSEUDOMONAS STRAIN, ENCODING THE ALKANE HYDROXYLASE ENZYME-SYSTEM , 1992 .

[162]  S. Colonna,et al.  Use of isolated cyclohexanone monooxygenase from recombinant Escherichia coli as a biocatalyst for Baeyer-Villiger and sulfide oxidations. , 2002, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[163]  Lawrence P. Wackett,et al.  Expression of naphthalene oxidation genes in Escherichia coli results in the biosynthesis of indigo. , 1983, Science.

[164]  J. Stewart,et al.  An Efficient Enzymatic Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation by Engineered Escherichiacoli Cells under Non‐Growing Conditions , 2002, Biotechnology progress.

[165]  C. V. Rao,et al.  Expanding the synthetic biology toolbox: engineering orthogonal regulators of gene expression. , 2012, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[166]  Joelle N. Pelletier,et al.  Expanding the organic toolbox: a guide to integrating biocatalysis in synthesis. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[167]  M G Wubbolts,et al.  Production of enantiopure styrene oxide by recombinant Escherichia coli synthesizing a two-component styrene monooxygenase. , 2000, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[168]  Eran Segal,et al.  Manipulating nucleosome disfavoring sequences allows fine-tune regulation of gene expression in yeast , 2012, Nature Genetics.

[169]  W. Wong,et al.  Improving simvastatin bioconversion in Escherichia coli by deletion of bioH. , 2007, Metabolic engineering.

[170]  H. Sahm,et al.  Commentary to: Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli: construction of an efficient biocatalyst for D-mannitol formation in a whole-cell biotransformation , 2015, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[171]  M. Lilly,et al.  Toluene cis-glycol synthesis by Pseudomonas putida; kinetic data for reactor evaluation , 1990 .

[172]  J. R. Coleman,et al.  Association of Carbonic Anhydrase Activity with Carboxysomes Isolated from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[173]  Krist V. Gernaey,et al.  Multienzyme-Catalyzed Processes: Next-Generation Biocatalysis , 2011 .

[174]  S. Smirnov,et al.  Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to produce (2S, 3R, 4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine , 2010, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[175]  Gregory Stephanopoulos,et al.  Directed evolution of promoters and tandem gene arrays for customizing RNA synthesis rates and regulation. , 2011, Methods in enzymology.

[176]  B. Bassler How bacteria talk to each other: regulation of gene expression by quorum sensing. , 1999, Current opinion in microbiology.

[177]  L. Giver,et al.  Engineered enzymes for chemical production. , 2008, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[178]  J. Imlay,et al.  Why do bacteria use so many enzymes to scavenge hydrogen peroxide? , 2012, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[179]  F. Arnold,et al.  Improved product‐per‐glucose yields in P450‐dependent propane biotransformations using engineered Escherichia coli , 2011, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[180]  A. Schmid,et al.  Outer Membrane Protein AlkL Boosts Biocatalytic Oxyfunctionalization of Hydrophobic Substrates in Escherichia coli , 2012, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[181]  M. Kataoka,et al.  Novel bioreduction system for the production of chiral alcohols , 2003, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[182]  R. Karande,et al.  Integrated One-Pot Enrichment and Immobilization of Styrene Monooxygenase (StyA) Using SEPABEAD EC-EA and EC-Q1A Anion-Exchange Carriers , 2011, Molecules.

[183]  E. Gorter,et al.  ON BIMOLECULAR LAYERS OF LIPOIDS ON THE CHROMOCYTES OF THE BLOOD , 1925, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[184]  Lars M. Blank,et al.  NADH Availability Limits Asymmetric Biocatalytic Epoxidation in a Growing Recombinant Escherichia coli Strain , 2008, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[185]  W. DeGrado,et al.  De novo design of catalytic proteins. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[186]  C. Laane,et al.  Rules for optimization of biocatalysis in organic solvents. Biotechnol Bioeng 1986; 30: 81-7. , 2009, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[187]  J. Ramos,et al.  Functional analysis of new transporters involved in stress tolerance in Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E. , 2009, Environmental microbiology reports.

[188]  T Platt,et al.  Transcription termination and the regulation of gene expression. , 1986, Annual review of biochemistry.

[189]  J. Schrader,et al.  P450BM-3-catalyzed whole-cell biotransformation of α-pinene with recombinant Escherichia coli in an aqueous–organic two-phase system , 2009, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[190]  Chi‐Huey Wong,et al.  Lactobacillus kefir alcohol dehydrogenase: a useful catalyst for synthesis , 1992 .

[191]  S. Sligar,et al.  Molecular recognition in cytochrome P-450: mechanism for the control of uncoupling reactions. , 1993, Biochemistry.

[192]  A. Schmid,et al.  Carbon metabolism and product inhibition determine the epoxidation efficiency of solvent‐tolerant Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120ΔC , 2007, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[193]  H. Kulla Enzymatic Hydroxylations in Industrial Application , 1991, CHIMIA.

[194]  B. van den Berg,et al.  The Crystal Structure of OprG from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Potential Channel for Transport of Hydrophobic Molecules across the Outer Membrane , 2010, PloS one.

[195]  Christian Willrodt,et al.  Kinetic Analysis of Terminal and Unactivated CH Bond Oxyfunctionalization in Fatty Acid Methyl Esters by Monooxygenase‐Based Whole‐Cell Biocatalysis , 2011 .

[196]  V. Wendisch,et al.  Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum for biotechnological production of organic acids and amino acids. , 2006, Current opinion in microbiology.

[197]  A. Schmid,et al.  Regioselective aromatic hydroxylation of quinaldine by water using quinaldine 4-oxidase in recombinant Pseudomonas putida , 2011, Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology.

[198]  Jens Nielsen,et al.  Systems biology of yeast: enabling technology for development of cell factories for production of advanced biofuels. , 2012, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[199]  L. Blank,et al.  Subtoxic product levels limit the epoxidation capacity of recombinant E. coli by increasing microbial energy demands. , 2013, Journal of biotechnology.

[200]  J. Cregg,et al.  Production of recombinant proteins in fermenter cultures of the yeast Pichia pastoris. , 2002, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[201]  John M Woodley,et al.  Substrate Supply for Effective Biocatalysis , 2007, Biotechnology progress.

[202]  J. Woodley,et al.  Guidelines and Cost Analysis for Catalyst Production in Biocatalytic Processes , 2011 .

[203]  J. Ramos,et al.  Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Participation of Energy- and Stress-Related Proteins in the Response of Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E to Toluene , 2005, Journal of bacteriology.

[204]  E. Gantt,et al.  Ultrastructure of Blue-Green Algae , 1969, Journal of bacteriology.

[205]  John M Woodley,et al.  Process technology for multi-enzymatic reaction systems. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[206]  Frank Hollmann,et al.  The First Synthetic Application of a Monooxygenase Employing Indirect Electrochemical NADH Regeneration. , 2001, Angewandte Chemie.

[207]  B. Witholt,et al.  DNA sequence determination and functional characterization of the OCT‐plasmid‐encoded alkJKL genes of Pseudomonas oleovorans , 1992, Molecular microbiology.

[208]  J. Lenihan,et al.  Developing an industrial artemisinic acid fermentation process to support the cost‐effective production of antimalarial artemisinin‐based combination therapies , 2008, Biotechnology progress.

[209]  B. Witholt,et al.  Using proteins in their natural environment: potential and limitations of microbial whole-cell hydroxylations in applied biocatalysis. , 2001, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[210]  A. Schmid,et al.  Process implementation aspects for biocatalytic hydrocarbon oxyfunctionalization. , 2004, Journal of biotechnology.

[211]  B. Poolman,et al.  Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. , 1995, Microbiological reviews.

[212]  J. Woodley,et al.  Whole-cell bio-oxidation of n-dodecane using the alkane hydroxylase system of P. putida GPo1 expressed in E. coli. , 2011, Enzyme and microbial technology.

[213]  L. Ingram,et al.  Engineering Escherichia coli for xylitol production from glucose‐xylose mixtures , 2006, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[214]  Andreas Schmid,et al.  Quantitative physiology of Pichia pastoris during glucose‐limited high‐cell density fed‐batch cultivation for recombinant protein production , 2010, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[215]  Michael H. Hecht,et al.  De Novo Designed Proteins from a Library of Artificial Sequences Function in Escherichia Coli and Enable Cell Growth , 2011, PloS one.

[216]  Eric A. Althoff,et al.  De Novo Computational Design of Retro-Aldol Enzymes , 2008, Science.

[217]  G. Gosset,et al.  A direct comparison of approaches for increasing carbon flow to aromatic biosynthesis inEscherichia coli , 1996, Journal of Industrial Microbiology.

[218]  Samuel Wagner,et al.  Rationalizing membrane protein overexpression. , 2006, Trends in biotechnology.

[219]  N D Lourenço,et al.  Improved operational stability of peroxidases by coimmobilization with glucose oxidase. , 2000, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[220]  John M. Woodley,et al.  The First 200-L Scale Asymmetric Baeyer−Villiger Oxidation Using a Whole-Cell Biocatalyst , 2008 .

[221]  U. Sauer,et al.  The Soluble and Membrane-bound Transhydrogenases UdhA and PntAB Have Divergent Functions in NADPH Metabolism of Escherichia coli* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[222]  S. Lee,et al.  High cell-density culture of Escherichia coli. , 1996, Trends in biotechnology.

[223]  G. Stephanopoulos,et al.  Tuning genetic control through promoter engineering. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[224]  J. Ramos,et al.  Solvent tolerance in Gram-negative bacteria. , 2012, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[225]  R. Sheldon,et al.  Chloroperoxidase: Use of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Stat for Controlling Reactions and Improving Enzyme Performance , 1997 .

[226]  Jack T. Pronk,et al.  Malic Acid Production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Engineering of Pyruvate Carboxylation , Oxaloacetate Reduction , and Malate Export † , 2007 .

[227]  Vlada B Urlacher,et al.  Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: an update on perspectives for synthetic application. , 2012, Trends in biotechnology.

[228]  H. Nikaido Molecular Basis of Bacterial Outer Membrane Permeability Revisited , 2003, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.

[229]  R. Sheldon,et al.  Selective oxidations catalyzed by peroxidases , 1997 .

[230]  Doig,et al.  Epoxidation of 1,7-octadiene by pseudomonas oleovorans in a membrane bioreactor , 1999, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[231]  B. Poolman,et al.  Interactions of cyclic hydrocarbons with biological membranes. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[232]  C. Wandrey,et al.  Continuous asymmetric ketone reduction processes with recombinant Escherichia coli. , 2007, Journal of biotechnology.

[233]  Alan Villalobos,et al.  Design Parameters to Control Synthetic Gene Expression in Escherichia coli , 2009, PloS one.

[234]  Jay D. Keasling,et al.  Production of amorphadiene in yeast, and its conversion to dihydroartemisinic acid, precursor to the antimalarial agent artemisinin , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[235]  L. Wong,et al.  Protein engineering of Bacillus megaterium CYP102. The oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. , 2001, European journal of biochemistry.

[236]  A. Zeng,et al.  Bulk chemicals from biotechnology: the case of 1,3-propanediol production and the new trends. , 2002, Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology.

[237]  Adrie J. J. Straathof,et al.  Analysis of Two-Liquid-Phase Multistep Biooxidation Based on a Process Model: Indications for Biological Energy Shortage , 2006 .

[238]  S. Harayama,et al.  In vivo reactivation of catechol 2,3‐dioxygenase mediated by a chloroplast‐type ferredoxin: a bacterial strategy to expand the substrate specificity of aromatic degradative pathways. , 1993, The EMBO journal.

[239]  A. Liese,et al.  New Continuous Production Process for Enantiopure (2R,5R)-Hexanediol , 2002 .

[240]  Lilly,et al.  Design of a control system for biotransformation of toxic substrates: toluene hydroxylation by Pseudomonas putida UV4. , 2000, Enzyme and microbial technology.

[241]  J. Keasling Synthetic biology and the development of tools for metabolic engineering. , 2012, Metabolic engineering.

[242]  U. Kragl,et al.  Synthesis of chiral ε-lactones in a two-enzyme system of cyclohexanone mono-oxygenase and formate dehydrogenase with integrated bubble-free aeration , 1997 .

[243]  I. Møller,et al.  MEMBRANE-BOUND NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASES IN HIGHER PLANT CELLS , 1986 .

[244]  R. Bernhardt,et al.  Cytochromes P450 as versatile biocatalysts. , 2006, Journal of biotechnology.

[245]  W. Reineke,et al.  Suicide Inactivation of Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putida mt-2 by 3-Halocatechols , 1984, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[246]  Shangtian Yang,et al.  Continuous propionic acid fermentation by immobilized Propionibacterium acidipropionici in a novel packed‐bed bioreactor , 1992, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[247]  J. Woodley,et al.  Large scale production of cyclohexanone monooxygenase from Escherichia coli TOP10 pQR239. , 2001, Enzyme and microbial technology.

[248]  Oliver May,et al.  Enantioselective reduction of ketones with "designer cells" at high substrate concentrations: highly efficient access to functionalized optically active alcohols. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[249]  S. Harayama,et al.  Primary structure of xylene monooxygenase: similarities to and differences from the alkane hydroxylation system , 1991, Journal of bacteriology.

[250]  Angela M. McIver,et al.  Microbial Oxidation of Naphthalene to cis‐1,2‐Naphthalene Dihydrodiol Using Naphthalene Dioxygenase in Biphasic Media , 2008, Biotechnology progress.

[251]  L. Blank,et al.  The glycerophospholipid inventory of Pseudomonas putida is conserved between strains and enables growth condition‐related alterations , 2011, Microbial biotechnology.

[252]  Lucia Gardossi,et al.  Understanding enzyme immobilisation. , 2009, Chemical Society reviews.

[253]  Sang Yup Lee,et al.  Recent advances in reconstruction and applications of genome-scale metabolic models. , 2012, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[254]  Andreas Schmid,et al.  Whole‐cell‐based CYP153A6‐catalyzed (S)‐limonene hydroxylation efficiency depends on host background and profits from monoterpene uptake via AlkL , 2013, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[255]  L. Hager,et al.  Highly Enantioselective Propargylic Hydroxylations Catalyzed by Chloroperoxidase , 1999 .

[256]  John M Woodley,et al.  The search for the ideal biocatalyst , 2002, Nature Biotechnology.

[257]  J. Ness,et al.  Biosynthesis of monomers for plastics from renewable oils. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[258]  K. Schroën,et al.  Membrane-facilitated bioproduction of 3-methylcatechol in an octanol/water two-phase system. , 2002, Journal of biotechnology.

[259]  S. Bringer-Meyer,et al.  Expression of glfZ.m.increases D-mannitol formation in whole cell biotransformation with resting cells of Corynebacterium glutamicum , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[260]  Denis Pompon,et al.  Total biosynthesis of hydrocortisone from a simple carbon source in yeast , 2003, Nature Biotechnology.

[261]  Andreas Schmid,et al.  Biofilms as living catalysts in continuous chemical syntheses. , 2012, Trends in biotechnology.

[262]  John M. Woodley,et al.  Biocatalysts for selective introduction of oxygen , 2009 .

[263]  L. Blank,et al.  Metabolic capacity estimation of Escherichia coli as a platform for redox biocatalysis: constraint‐based modeling and experimental verification , 2008, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[264]  A. Puga,et al.  Regulation of gene expression by reactive oxygen. , 1999, Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology.

[265]  J. Walker,et al.  Over-production of proteins in Escherichia coli: mutant hosts that allow synthesis of some membrane proteins and globular proteins at high levels. , 1996, Journal of molecular biology.

[266]  R. Sheldon,et al.  Improvement of the total turnover number and space-time yield for chloroperoxidase catalyzed oxidation. , 1997, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[267]  F. Lakner,et al.  Epoxidation of indene by chloroperoxidase , 2000 .

[268]  G Vida,et al.  The origin of eukaryotes: the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells , 1999, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[269]  A. Baeyer,et al.  Einwirkung des Caro'schen Reagens auf Ketone , 1899 .

[270]  D. Vasić-Rački,et al.  Cofactor regeneration at the lab scale. , 2005, Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology.

[271]  A. Schmid,et al.  Production host selection for asymmetric styrene epoxidation: Escherichia coli vs. solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas , 2012, Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology.

[272]  M. Kataoka,et al.  Synthesis of optically pure ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate by Escherichia coli transformant cells coexpressing the carbonyl reductase and glucose dehydrogenase genes , 2001, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[273]  Hyung-Sik Kang,et al.  Surface display of heme- and diflavin-containing cytochrome P450 BM3 in Escherichia coli: a whole cell biocatalyst for oxidation. , 2010, Journal of microbiology and biotechnology.

[274]  Daniel Kuhn,et al.  Systems biotechnology – Rational whole‐cell biocatalyst and bioprocess design , 2010 .

[275]  Thomas A. Bobik,et al.  Polyhedral organelles compartmenting bacterial metabolic processes , 2006, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[276]  M. Fraaije,et al.  Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases: recent advances and future challenges. , 2010, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[277]  S. Kjelleberg,et al.  Enhanced Benzaldehyde Tolerance in Zymomonas mobilis Biofilms and the Potential of Biofilm Applications in Fine-Chemical Production , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[278]  Polona Žnidaršič-Plazl,et al.  Continuous synthesis of l-malic acid using whole-cell microreactor , 2012 .

[279]  Shuvendu Das,et al.  Enantioselective oxidation of 2‐hydroxy carboxylic acids by glycolate oxidase and catalase coexpressed in methylotrophic Pichia pastoris , 2009, Biotechnology progress.

[280]  J. Mielenz,et al.  Determination of Candida tropicalis acyl coenzyme A oxidase isozyme function by sequential gene disruption , 1991, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[281]  J. Ramos,et al.  Mechanisms for Solvent Tolerance in Bacteria* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[282]  Andreas Liese,et al.  Biocatalytic ketone reduction—a powerful tool for the production of chiral alcohols—part II: whole-cell reductions , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[283]  J. D. de Bont,et al.  A genetically modified solvent-tolerant bacterium for optimized production of a toxic fine chemical , 2000, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[284]  Radhey S. Gupta Protein Phylogenies and Signature Sequences: A Reappraisal of Evolutionary Relationships among Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryotes , 1998, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.

[285]  Hideo Mori,et al.  Enzymatic Production of trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline by Regio- and Stereospecific Hydroxylation of L-Proline , 2000, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.

[286]  Bernhard Hauer,et al.  Chemical biotechnology for the specific oxyfunctionalization of hydrocarbons on a technical scale. , 2003, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[287]  A. Willetts Structural studies and synthetic applications of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. , 1997, Trends in biotechnology.

[288]  J. Tramper,et al.  Integrated bioproduction and extraction of 3-methylcatechol. , 2001, Journal of biotechnology.

[289]  J. Kingma,et al.  Bioconversion of N-Octane to Octanoic Acid by a Recombinant Escherichia Coli Cultured in a Two-Liquid Phase Bioreactor , 1991, Bio/Technology.

[290]  John M Woodley,et al.  Microbial biocatalytic processes and their development. , 2006, Advances in applied microbiology.

[291]  B. Witholt,et al.  Biooxidation of n-octane by a recombinant Escherichia coli in a two liquid-phase system: effect of medium components on cell growth and alkane oxidation activity. , 1992 .

[292]  Claudia Schmidt-Dannert,et al.  Multi-enzymatic synthesis. , 2010, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[293]  K. Friehs Plasmid copy number and plasmid stability. , 2004, Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology.

[294]  Huimin Zhao,et al.  Regeneration of cofactors for use in biocatalysis. , 2003, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[295]  T. Matsuda,et al.  Recent developments in asymmetric reduction of ketones with biocatalysts , 2003 .

[296]  W. Seghezzi,et al.  Characterization of a second alkane-inducible cytochrome P450-encoding gene, CYP52A2, from Candida tropicalis. , 1991, Gene.

[297]  Sang Yup Lee,et al.  Production of recombinant proteins by high cell density culture of Escherichia coli , 2006 .

[298]  K. Timmis,et al.  A Novel [2Fe-2S] Ferredoxin from Pseudomonas putidamt2 Promotes the Reductive Reactivation of Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[299]  H. Iida,et al.  Oxidation of both termini of p- and m-xylene by Escherichia coli transformed with xylene monooxygenase gene , 2003 .

[300]  Romas J. Kazlauskas,et al.  Biocatalysis for green chemistry and chemical process development , 2011 .

[301]  D. Weuster‐Botz,et al.  Water immiscible ionic liquids as solvents for whole cell biocatalysis. , 2006, Journal of biotechnology.

[302]  Huimin Zhao,et al.  Recent developments in pyridine nucleotide regeneration. , 2003, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[303]  V. Urlacher,et al.  Altering the Regioselectivity of Cytochrome P450 CYP102A3 of Bacillus subtilis by Using a New Versatile Assay System , 2006, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[304]  O. Käppeli,et al.  Chemostat studies on the hexadecane assimilation by the yeastCandida tropicalis , 1981, European journal of applied microbiology and biotechnology.

[305]  V. Alphand,et al.  Microbial transformations 59: first kilogram scale asymmetric microbial Baeyer-Villiger oxidation with optimized productivity using a resin-based in situ SFPR strategy. , 2005, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[306]  Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho,et al.  Enzymatic and whole cell catalysis: finding new strategies for old processes , 2011 .

[307]  P. Giesbrecht [On the morphogenesis of the cell wall in staphylococci]. , 1973, Mikroskopie.

[308]  L. Ingram,et al.  Characterization of the Zymomonas mobilis glucose facilitator gene product (glf) in recombinant Escherichia coli: examination of transport mechanism, kinetics and the role of glucokinase in glucose transport , 1995, Molecular microbiology.

[309]  Andreas Schmid,et al.  Pilot-scale production of (S)-styrene oxide from styrene by recombinant Escherichia coli synthesizing styrene monooxygenase. , 2002, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[310]  M. Lilly,et al.  A structured approach to design and operation of biotransformation processes , 1996, Journal of Industrial Microbiology.