Valorización de los subproductos de la cadena del aceite de oliva

espanolLa generacion de biomasa residual y subproductos de la cadena de valor del aceite de oliva en la UE-28 generan un volumen aproximado de 10,5 millones de toneladas anuales. Estos son principalmente restos de podas en campo, ‘hojin’ (hojas y ramas finas del proceso de limpieza del fruto en almazara), orujo graso y humedo o ‘alperoujo’, (procedente del proceso de almazara), hueso y orujo extractado y seco u ‘orujillo', generado en las extractoras de aceite de orujo (orujeras). En este trabajo se analiza el uso actual de esta biomasa que es valorizada principalmente para generacion de energia electrica para su inyeccion a red a partir del orujillo y restos de podas, o termica en forma de agua caliente, de proceso, vapor o calefaccion a partir del hueso. Estas aplicaciones han generado una actividad economica significativa en muchos municipios de zonas rurales productoras. No obstante, en este caso de exito de aprovechamiento integral de la biomasa residual, la bioeconomia abre nuevas oportunidades, entre las que cabe citar la produccion de biocombustibles solidos de alto valor anadido, como los pellets o hueso limpio y tratado, la obtencion de biocarburantes de segunda generacion (bioetanol), la alimentacion ganadera funcional o la obtencion de compuestos bioactivos, entre otros. EnglishThe residual biomass and by-products generated in the olive oil value chain in the EU-28 account for an approximate volume of 10.5 million tons annually. These are mainly cuttings from pruning in the fields, hojin (leaves and thin branches from when the fruit is cleaned in the press), fatty and humid pomace or alperoujo, (from the pressing process), the pits and pomace extracted and dried or orujillo, generated in the pomace oil extractors (orujeras). In this work we analyse the current use of this biomass, which is principally valued for electrical power generation to be injected into the grid, from orujillo and pruning remains, or thermal energy in the form of hot water, from the process, steam or heating from the pits. These applications have generated significant economic activity for many municipalities in oil-producing rural zones. Nonetheless, in this successful case of residual biomass use, the bioeconomy opens up new opportunities, including the production of high-added-value solid biofuels (in the form of pellets or clean, treated pits), the acquisition of second-generation biofuels (bioethanol), animal fodder, and the acquisition of bioactive compounds, among other thing.

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