Racism Across Civilizations: Greece, Western Europe, Islam and China

This paper examines the sources of autocentrism - elevating one's own group above other groups - and compares these tendencies in several civilizations, living and defunct: Greece, Rome, Medieval Europe, Modern Europe, China, and Pre-Modern Islam. Medieval and modern Europe stand out from the others because of their emphasis on biological markers and their use of legalized discrimination against all other groups.