Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Pro-Poor Tourism Villages in China

This paper aims to contribute to the effectiveness of pro-poor tourism in rural areas. We use 5770 pro-poor tourism villages in China as the research objects; the spatial distribution characteristics of pro-poor tourism villages in China are analyzed using a combination of disequilibrium index, kernel density analysis, and spatial autocorrelation; their influencing factors are detected using a geographical detector and overlay analysis. The study results show the following: (1) The distribution of pro-poor tourism villages is exceptionally uneven in three zones, eight regions, and inter-provincial levels, forming a high-density cluster belt that includes Hebei, Henan, Anhui, and Hubei, and five high-density cluster cores that include southern Gansu, Sichuan–Gansu–Shaanxi border area; Guizhou, Hunan, and Chongqing border area; southern Sichuan; and southwest Guizhou. (2) Regarding spatial correlations, the pro-poor tourism villages in central and western regions are in hot spots, while those in eastern regions are in cold spots. The hot spots gradually increase, while cold spots gradually decrease, and the clustering trend of the distribution of the pro-poor tourism villages is increasingly apparent. (3) Pro-poor tourism villages are affected by social, economic, industrial, and other human factors as well as natural geographical factors such as terrain, precipitation, river, and climate, among which the industrial factors have a more significant impact. Pro-poor tourism villages are concentrated in humid mountainous areas with an altitude of about 1000 m and an annual precipitation of more than 800 mm, and they are mostly distributed in the subtropical monsoon climate zone closer to the river and more suitable climate. (4) It is suggested that pro-poor tourism villages can be divided into four types: the resource underutilization type, mountain environment restriction type, traffic location non-optimization type, and industrial development lagging type, and the sustainable development strategies of different types of pro-poor tourism villages are proposed.

[1]  Jianping Zha,et al.  What caused the wage changes in tourism-related industries? A demand-side analysis based on an extended input-output model , 2022, Current Issues in Tourism.

[2]  Qingming Cui,et al.  Tourism and poverty alleviation in Tibet, China: the role of government in enhancing local linkages , 2022, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research.

[3]  S. Uhlenbrook,et al.  Optimising the water we eat-rethinking policy to enhance productive and sustainable use of water in agri-food systems across scales. , 2022, The Lancet. Planetary health.

[4]  Yan-sui Liu,et al.  The code of targeted poverty alleviation in China: A geography perspective , 2021, Geography and Sustainability.

[5]  Shaohua Chen,et al.  Is that Really a Kuznets Curve? Turning Points for Income Inequality in China , 2021, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[6]  Rob Law,et al.  Spatial Distribution Pattern and Influencing Factors of Sports Tourism Resources in China , 2021, ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf..

[7]  S. Bröring,et al.  How does business model redesign foster resilience in emerging circular value chains? , 2021 .

[8]  C. Ryan,et al.  Chinese seniors holidaying, elderly care, rural tourism and rural poverty alleviation programmes , 2021 .

[9]  Seonyoung Kim,et al.  Exploring the relationship between tourism and poverty using the capability approach , 2020, Journal of Sustainable Tourism.

[10]  Fang Liu,et al.  Multiple Global Population Datasets: Differences and Spatial Distribution Characteristics , 2020, ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf..

[11]  Lei Zhao.  Tourism, Institutions, and Poverty Alleviation: Empirical Evidence from China , 2020 .

[12]  E. Elahi,et al.  Spatial and temporal pattern evolution and influencing factors of energy–environmental efficiency: A case study of Yangtze River urban agglomeration in China , 2020 .

[13]  Yeasun K. Chung,et al.  Perceived impacts of the poverty alleviation tourism policy on the poor in China , 2019 .

[14]  G. Wall,et al.  Livelihood sustainability in a rural tourism destination - Hetu Town, Anhui Province, China , 2019, Tourism Management.

[15]  Yan-sui Liu,et al.  Land consolidation boosting poverty alleviation in China: Theory and practice , 2019, Land Use Policy.

[16]  Lingling Tian,et al.  Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Spatial Differentiation of Urban Black and Odorous Waters in China , 2018, Sustainability.

[17]  J. Bao,et al.  Targeted poverty alleviation in China: segmenting small tourism entrepreneurs and effectively supporting them , 2018, Journal of Sustainable Tourism.

[18]  Hong-Ying Hu,et al.  The characteristics and influencing factors of the attached microalgae cultivation: A review , 2018, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[19]  Jing Wu,et al.  Human Poverty Alleviation through Rural Women’s Tourism Entrepreneurship , 2018, Journal of China Tourism Research.

[20]  W. Shen,et al.  Solar energy for poverty alleviation in China: State ambitions, bureaucratic interests, and local realities , 2018, Energy Research & Social Science.

[21]  Fenfen Wei,et al.  Innovating Rural Tourism Targeting Poverty Alleviation through a Multi-Industries Integration Network: the Case of Zhuanshui Village, Anhui Province, China , 2018, Sustainability.

[22]  L. F. Girard,et al.  Towards an Integrated Evaluation Approach for Cultural Urban Landscape Conservation/Regeneration , 2018 .

[23]  Yan-sui Liu,et al.  Spatio-temporal patterns of rural poverty in China and targeted poverty alleviation strategies , 2017 .

[24]  Diego R. Medina‐Muñoz,et al.  The impacts of tourism on poverty alleviation: an integrated research framework , 2016 .

[25]  Shawky Mansour,et al.  Spatial analysis of public health facilities in Riyadh Governorate, Saudi Arabia: a GIS-based study to assess geographic variations of service provision and accessibility , 2016, Geo spatial Inf. Sci..

[26]  Wineaster Anderson.  Cultural tourism and poverty alleviation in rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania , 2015 .

[27]  M. Mekawy.  Smart tourism investment: planning pathways to break the poverty cycle , 2015 .

[28]  M. Sahli,et al.  Foreign direct investment in tourism, poverty alleviation, and sustainable development: a review of the Gambian hotel sector , 2015 .

[29]  C. Hall,et al.  Tourism and poverty alleviation: perceptions and experiences of poor people in Sapa, Vietnam , 2014 .

[30]  Leonardo R. Corral,et al.  Assessing the Role of Tourism in Poverty Alleviation: A Research Agenda , 2013 .

[31]  R. Scheyvens,et al.  Tourism and poverty alleviation in Fiji: comparing the impacts of small- and large-scale tourism enterprises , 2012 .

[32]  M. Novelli,et al.  The UN Millennium Development Goals, tourism and development: the tour operators' perspective , 2011 .

[33]  C. Ashley,et al.  Tourism and Poverty Reduction: Pathways to Prosperity , 2009 .

[34]  Harold Goodwin,et al.  Reflections on 10 years of Pro‐Poor Tourism , 2009 .

[35]  C. Warren,et al.  Tourism as a Tool for Poverty Alleviation: A Critical Analysis of ‘Pro-Poor Tourism’ and Implications for Sustainability , 2007 .

[36]  K. Akiyama,et al.  Strigolactones: chemical signals for fungal symbionts and parasitic weeds in plant roots. , 2006, Annals of botany.

[37]  Dilys Roe,et al.  Making tourism work for the poor: Strategies and challenges in southern Africa , 2002 .

[38]  R. Sokal,et al.  Spatial autocorrelation in biology: 1. Methodology , 1978 .

[39]  Wenyi Shang,et al.  Rediscussing the Political Struggle in the Light of Reform in Late 11th Century China under the View of Digital Humanities , 2022, Digit. Humanit. Q..

[40]  C. Rogerson,et al.  Tourism for Poverty Alleviation Issues and Debates in the Global South , 2020 .

[41]  N. Luvanga,et al.  The role of tourism in poverty alleviation in Tanzania , 2003 .

[42]  Jing Luo,et al.  Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Spatial Differentiation of Market Service Industries in Rural Areas around Metropolises - A Case Study of Wuhan City's New Urban Districts , 2022, ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf..