Gapping as constituent coordination

A number of coordinate constructions in natural languages conjoin sequences which do not appear to correspond to syntactic constituents in the traditional sense. One striking instance of the phenomenon is afforded by the "gapping" construction of English, of which the following sentence is a simple example: (1) Harry eats beans, and Fred, potatoes Since all theories agree that coordination must in fact be an operation upon constituents, most of them have dealt with the apparent paradox presented by such constructions by supposing that such sequences as the right conjunct in the above example, Fred, potatoes, should be treated in the grammar as traditional constituents, of type S, but with pieces missing or "deleted". Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MSCIS-89-76. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/820 Gapping As Constituent Coordination MS-CIS-89-76 LINC LAB 162

[1]  J. Pierrehumbert.  The phonology and phonetics of English intonation , 1987 .

[2]  Gerald Gazdar,et al.  Applicability of Indexed Grammars to Natural Languages , 1988 .

[3]  Gerald Gazdar,et al.  Unbounded Dependencies and Coordinate Structure , 1981 .

[4]  L. Gleitman.  Coordinating Conjunctions in English , 1965 .

[5]  P. Sgall,et al.  The ordering principle , 1987 .

[6]  Emmon W. Bach,et al.  Categorial Grammars and Natural Language Structures , 1988 .

[7]  H. V. Riemsdijk,et al.  Verb Projection Raising, Scope, and the Typology of Rules Affecting Verbs , 1986 .

[8]  Robert C. Moore.  Unification-Based Semantic Interpretation , 1989, ACL.

[9]  Ivan A. Sag,et al.  Toward a theory of anaphoric processing , 1984 .

[10]  Muffy E. A. Siegel,et al.  Gapping and interpretation , 1984 .

[11]  Hans Uszkoreit.  Categorial Unification Grammars , 1986, COLING.

[12]  John Robert Ross,et al.  GAPPING AND THE ORDER OF CONSTITUENTS , 1970 .

[13]  M. Moortgat.  Mixed Composition and Discontinuous Dependencies , 1988 .

[14]  N. Curteanu.  Book Reviews: Lecture on Contemporary Syntactic Theories: An Introduction to Unification-Based Approaches to Grammar , 1987, CL.

[15]  Ray Jackendoff,et al.  Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar , 1972 .

[16]  Kent Barrows Wittenburg,et al.  Natural language parsing with combinatory categorial grammar in a graph-unification-based formalism , 1986 .

[17]  Stuart M. Shieber,et al.  Prolog and Natural-Language Analysis , 1987 .

[18]  Anna Szabolcsi,et al.  Bound variables in syntax (Are there any , 1987 .

[19]  Mark Steedman,et al.  Combinatory grammars and parasitic gaps , 1987 .

[20]  Mark Steedman,et al.  On the order of words , 1982 .

[21]  M. Halliday.  NOTES ON TRANSITIVITY AND THEME IN ENGLISH. PART 2 , 1967 .

[22]  D. A. Turner.  Another Algorithm for Bracket Abstraction , 1979, J. Symb. Log..

[23]  Kent Wittenburg,et al.  Predictive Combinators: a Method for Efficient Processing of Combinatory Categorial Grammars , 1987, ACL.

[24]  Martin Kay,et al.  Algorithm schemata and data structures in syntactic processing , 1986 .

[25]  Y. Bar-Hillel.  A Quasi-Arithmetical Notation for Syntactic Description , 1953 .

[26]  Nicholas J. Haddock,et al.  Incremental Interpretation and Combinatory Categorial Grammar , 1987, IJCAI.

[27]  Grant Goodall,et al.  Parallel structures in syntax , 1987 .

[28]  D. A. Turner,et al.  A new implementation technique for applicative languages , 1979, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[29]  J. Lambek.  The Mathematics of Sentence Structure , 1958 .

[30]  Noam Chomsky,et al.  Deep structure, surface structure, and semantic interpretation , 1969 .

[31]  Pauline Jacobson,et al.  Raising as function composition , 1990 .

[32]  Noam Chomsky,et al.  Lectures on Government and Binding@@@Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding , 1984 .

[33]  Richard T. Oehrle,et al.  Boolean Properties in the Analysis of Gapping , 1987 .

[34]  David J. Weir,et al.  Combinatory Categorial Grammars: Generative Power and Relationship to Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems , 1988, ACL.

[35]  Ray Jackendoff,et al.  Gapping and related rules , 1970 .

[36]  Jorge E. Hankamer,et al.  Constraints on deletion in syntax , 1972 .

[37]  Mark Steedman.  Structure and Intonation , 1991 .

[38]  Robert R. Van Oirsouw.  A linear approach to coordinate deletion , 1985 .

[39]  Maria Luisa Zubizarreta,et al.  On the relationship of the lexicon to syntax , 1982 .

[40]  Mark Steedman,et al.  A Lazy way to Chart-Parse with Categorial Grammars , 1987, ACL.

[41]  S. Potter,et al.  Universals of Language , 1966 .

[42]  J. Benthem.  Essays in Logical Semantics , 1986 .

[43]  Ellen F. Prince,et al.  On the Syntactic Marking of Presupposed Open Propositions , 1986 .

[44]  David J. Weir,et al.  Characterizing mildly context-sensitive grammar formalisms , 1988 .

[45]  Henk Zeevat,et al.  Combining Categorial Grammar and Unification , 1988 .

[46]  Gregory Stump.  Interpretive Gapping in Montague Grammar , 1978 .

[47]  Linda Schwartz,et al.  The syntax of coordination , 1990 .

[48]  Mark Steedman,et al.  Dependency and Coordination in the Grammar of Dutch and English , 1985 .

[49]  Mark Steedman,et al.  Combinators and Grammars , 1988 .

[50]  Ivan A. Sag,et al.  Deletion And Logical Form , 1976 .

[51]  Wojciech Zielonka.  Axiomatizability of Ajdukiewicz-Lambek Calculus by Means of Cancellation Schemes , 1981, Math. Log. Q..

[52]  Stuart M. Shieber,et al.  Evidence against the context-freeness of natural language , 1985 .

[53]  John Robert Ross,et al.  Constraints on variables in syntax , 1967 .

[54]  Roman Jakobson,et al.  Structure of Language and Its Mathematical Aspects , 1961 .

[55]  Gerald Gazdar,et al.  Coordination and how to distinguish categories , 1985 .

[56]  Glyn Morrill,et al.  Parsing and Derivational Equivalence , 1989, EACL.

[57]  Elisabeth Selkirk,et al.  Phonology and syntax , 1984 .

[58]  Petr Sgall,et al.  Topic and Focus of a Sentence and the Patterning of a Text , 1988 .

[59]  Paul Schachter.  Constraints on coordination , 1974 .

[60]  Norbert Hornstein,et al.  Two Types of Locality , 1987 .

[61]  Ivan A. Sag,et al.  Information-based syntax and semantics , 1987 .

[62]  Raymond M. Smullyan,et al.  To Mock a Mockingbird , 1985 .

[63]  Patrick Saint-Dizier,et al.  Review of Prolog and natural-language analysis: CSLI lecture notes 10 by Fernando C. N. Pereira and Stuart M. Shieber. Center for the Study of Language and Information 1987. , 1988 .

[64]  Remo Pareschi,et al.  Type-driven natural language analysis , 1988 .