Eugene Garfield, Francis Narin, and PageRank: The Theoretical Bases of the Google Search Engine

This paper presents a test of the validity of using Google Scholar to evaluate the publications of researchers by comparing the premises on which its search engine, PageRank, is based, to those of Garfield's theory of citation indexing. It finds that the premises are identical and that PageRank and Garfield's theory of citation indexing validate each other.

[1]  Jorge E. Hirsch,et al.  An index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output that takes into account the effect of multiple coauthorship , 2009, Scientometrics.

[2]  Anne-Wil Harzing,et al.  The Publish or Perish Book: Your guide to effective and responsible citation analysis , 2010 .

[3]  R. Merton.  The Matthew Effect in Science , 1968, Science.

[4]  Mercè Piqueras.  The web of knowledge: a Festschrift in honor of Eugene Garfield. Blaise Cronin, Helen B. Atkins (eds) , 2001 .

[5]  D. Gale Johnson,et al.  A Rating of Graduate Programs. , 1970 .

[6]  S. Carrière,et al.  (12) United States Patent Page (54) Method for Node Ranking in a Linked Database , .

[7]  Chris Sherman.  Google Power: Unleash the Full Potential of Google , 2005 .

[8]  J. Hirsch.  Does the h index have predictive power? , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[9]  Carl T. Bergstrom.  Eigenfactor Measuring the value and prestige of scholarly journals , 2007 .

[10]  Henry Margenau,et al.  Foundations of the Unity of Science , 1941 .

[11]  Sergey Brin,et al.  The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine , 1998, Comput. Networks.

[12]  E. Garfield.  Citation analysis as a tool in journal evaluation. , 1972, Science.

[13]  John Battelle.  The Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture , 2005 .

[14]  Anne-Wil Harzing,et al.  A preliminary test of Google Scholar as a source for citation data: a longitudinal study of Nobel prize winners , 2013, Scientometrics.

[15]  L. V. Jones,et al.  An Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States: Mathematical & Physical Sciences. , 1983, American Political Science Review.

[16]  Charles L. A. Clarke,et al.  Information Retrieval - Implementing and Evaluating Search Engines , 2010 .

[17]  E. Garfield.  Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas. 1955. , 1955, International journal of epidemiology.

[18]  Péter Jacsó,et al.  Calculating the h-index and other bibliometric and scientometric indicators from Google Scholar with the Publish or Perish software , 2009, Online Inf. Rev..

[19]  Garfield Eugene,et al.  SCI journal citation reports : a bibliometric analysis of science journals in the ISI data base. 1981 annual , 1982 .

[20]  Stephen J. Bensman.  Bradford's Law and Fuzzy Sets: Statistical Implications for Library Analyses , 2001 .

[21]  Eugene Garfield,et al.  New Tools for Improving and Evaluating The Effectiveness of Research , 1983 .

[22]  Harriet Zuckerman,et al.  Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States: , 1979 .

[23]  J. E. Hirsch,et al.  An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output , 2005, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.

[24]  E. Garfield,et al.  Of Nobel class: A citation perspective on high impact research authors , 1992, Theoretical medicine.

[25]  S. Bradford.  "Sources of information on specific subjects" by S.C. Bradford , 1985 .

[26]  J. D. Bernal,et al.  The Social Function of Science , 1967 .

[27]  Liwen Vaughan.  Web Hyperlink Analysis , 2005 .

[28]  Gabriel Pinski,et al.  Citation influence for journal aggregates of scientific publications: Theory, with application to the literature of physics , 1976, Inf. Process. Manag..

[29]  E. Garfield.  Who Will Win the Nobel Prize in Economics? Here's a Forecast Based on Citation Indicators , 1990 .

[30]  Khf Kwok.  The Google Book Search Project , 2014 .

[31]  Galina F. Gordukalova.  : Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States , 1997 .

[32]  Anne-Wil Harzing,et al.  A longitudinal study of Google Scholar coverage between 2012 and 2013 , 2013, Scientometrics.

[33]  Eugene Garfield,et al.  New factors in the evaluation of scientific literature through citation indexing , 1963 .

[34]  Eugene Garfield,et al.  THE SIGNIFICANT SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE APPEARS IN A SMALL CORE OF JOURNALS , 1996 .

[35]  T. Kuhn,et al.  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , 1963 .

[36]  Richard C. Anderson,et al.  Publication ratings versus peer ratings of universities , 1978, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci..

[37]  Rajeev Motwani,et al.  The PageRank Citation Ranking : Bringing Order to the Web , 1999, WWW 1999.

[38]  Allan M. Cartter,et al.  An Assessment of Quality in Graduate Education , 1966 .