Toward a digital neuromorphic pitch extraction system

This paper presents the design of a biologically based signal processing system implemented using standard digital inferior colliculus (IC) technology. The four-stage AM detection system is a step toward a full-pitch detection system and based on known mammalian physiology. The system is operational and has been successfully realized in field programmable grid array (FPGA) technology. Details of the system architecture, its operating principles, and the design decisions necessary to realize successfully neuromorphic systems in digital technology are given.

[1]  D. O. Kim,et al.  Responses of DCN-PVCN neurons and auditory nerve fibers in unanesthetized decerebrate cats to AM and pure tones: Analysis with autocorrelation/power-spectrum , 1990, Hearing Research.

[2]  André van Schaik,et al.  Design of an Analogue VLSI Model of an Active Cochlea , 1997 .

[3]  J. Pierce,et al.  The cochlear compromise. , 1976, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[4]  André van Schaik,et al.  A Silicon Model of Amplitude Modulation Detection in the Auditory Brainstem , 1996, NIPS.

[5]  R Meddis,et al.  A computer model of a cochlear-nucleus stellate cell: responses to amplitude-modulated and pure-tone stimuli. , 1992, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[6]  Richard F. Lyon,et al.  ASIC implementation of the Lyon cochlea model , 1992, [Proceedings] ICASSP-92: 1992 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[7]  Richard F. Lyon,et al.  Improved implementation of the silicon cochlea , 1992 .

[8]  L. Aitkin The auditory midbrain , 1979, Trends in Neurosciences.

[9]  Weimin Liu,et al.  Voiced-speech representation by an analog silicon model of the auditory periphery , 1992, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[10]  José Luis Huertas Díaz,et al.  A CMOS Implementation of Fitzhugh-Nagumo Neuron Model , 1990 .

[11]  R. Meddis Simulation of mechanical to neural transduction in the auditory receptor. , 1986, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[12]  John Lazzaro Temporal Adaptation in a Silicon Auditory Nerve , 1991, NIPS.

[13]  John Lazzaro Low-power silicon spiking neurons and axons , 1992, [Proceedings] 1992 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.

[14]  Richard F. Lyon,et al.  An analog electronic cochlea , 1988, IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process..

[15]  A. Hodgkin,et al.  A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve , 1990 .

[16]  A. Hodgkin,et al.  The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant axon of Loligo , 1952, The Journal of physiology.

[17]  R. Meddis,et al.  Implementation details of a computation model of the inner hair‐cell auditory‐nerve synapse , 1990 .

[18]  Carver Mead,et al.  Analog VLSI and neural systems , 1989 .

[19]  J. Brant Arseneau,et al.  VLSI and neural systems , 1990 .

[20]  Martin Cooke,et al.  Modelling auditory processing and organisation , 1993, Distinguished dissertations in computer science.

[21]  E. Vittoz,et al.  An analogue electronic model of Ventral Cochlear Nucleus neurons , 1996, Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Microelectronics for Neural Networks.

[22]  R Meddis,et al.  Simulation of auditory-neural transduction: further studies. , 1988, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[23]  Richard F. Lyon,et al.  A bidirectional analog VLSI Cochlear model , 1991 .

[24]  R. Meddis,et al.  A computer model of amplitude-modulation sensitivity of single units in the inferior colliculus. , 1994, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[25]  R Meddis,et al.  Regularity of cochlear nucleus stellate cells: a computational modeling study. , 1993, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[26]  Robert D Frisina,et al.  Encoding of amplitude modulation in the gerbil cochlear nucleus: I. A hierarchy of enhancement , 1990, Hearing Research.

[27]  John Lazzaro,et al.  Circuit Models of Sensory Transduction in the Cochlea , 1989, Analog VLSI Implementation of Neural Systems.

[28]  Wing-Hung Ki,et al.  Realization of cochlear filters by VLT switched capacitor biquads , 1992, [Proceedings] ICASSP-92: 1992 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[29]  A. Hodgkin,et al.  Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo , 1952, The Journal of physiology.

[30]  John Lazzaro,et al.  A Silicon Model Of Auditory Localization , 1989, Neural Computation.

[31]  Gerald Langner,et al.  Periodicity coding in the auditory system , 1992, Hearing Research.

[32]  J Lazzaro,et al.  Silicon modeling of pitch perception. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[33]  D. Oertel Synaptic responses and electrical properties of cells in brain slices of the mouse anteroventral cochlear nucleus , 1983, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[34]  R I Damper,et al.  A computational model of afferent neural activity from the cochlea to the dorsal acoustic stria. , 1991, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[35]  S. Le Masson,et al.  Accurate analog VLSI model of calcium-dependent bursting neurons , 1997, Proceedings of International Conference on Neural Networks (ICNN'97).

[36]  D. Oertel,et al.  Use of brain slices in the study of the auditory system: spatial and temporal summation of synaptic inputs in cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the mouse. , 1985, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[37]  L. Aitkin Auditory Midbrain, The , 1986 .

[38]  R. Douglas,et al.  A silicon neuron , 1991, Nature.

[39]  André van Schaik,et al.  Improved Silicon Cochlea using Compatible Lateral Bipolar Transistors , 1995, NIPS.