Measurement of pure optical nonlinearity in carbon disulfide with a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser.

Using the close-aperture Z-scan technique, the pure nonlinear refractive index (n2) of carbon disulfide is measured with a 76 MHz repetition rate femtosecond laser. Strong interference of thermal effects exists with high-repetition-rate lasers that result in negative values of n2. We remove the thermal effect completely by continuously increasing the sample flow rate (F) in a sample cell as indicated by the change in sign of n2 from negative to positive. The positive value of n2 is due to Kerr-type nonlinearity. At sufficiently high values of F of >25 ml/min, all thermal effects are removed, resulting in an n2 value that matches low-repetition-rate experiments.

[1]  J. P. Gordon,et al.  Long‐Transient Effects in Lasers with Inserted Liquid Samples , 1965 .

[2]  M D Duncan,et al.  Scanning coherent anti-Stokes Raman microscope. , 1982, Optics letters.

[3]  D A Parthenopoulos,et al.  Three-Dimensional Optical Storage Memory , 1989, Science.

[4]  E. W. Stryland,et al.  Sensitive Measurement of Optical Nonlinearities Using a Single Beam Special 30th Anniversary Feature , 1990 .

[5]  W. Denk,et al.  Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. , 1990, Science.

[6]  K. Minoshima,et al.  Femtosecond time-resolved interferometry for the determination of complex nonlinear susceptibility. , 1991, Optics letters.

[7]  K S Wong,et al.  Femtosecond time-resolved Z-scan investigations of optical nonlinearities in ZnSe. , 1996, Optics letters.

[8]  W. R. Wiley,et al.  Three-Dimensional Vibrational Imaging by Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering , 1999 .

[9]  M. Falconieri,et al.  Simultaneous measurement of pure-optical and thermo-optical nonlinearities induced by high-repetition-rate, femtosecond laser pulses: application to CS2 , 1999 .

[10]  Manning,et al.  Nonlinear Optics for High-Speed Digital Information Processing. , 1999, Science.

[11]  M. Falconieri,et al.  Thermo-optical effects in Z -scan measurements using high-repetition-rate lasers , 1999 .

[12]  H. P. Li,et al.  Femtosecond Z-scan measurements of nonlinear refraction in nonlinear optical crystals , 2001 .

[13]  C. Afonso,et al.  Limits to the determination of the nonlinear refractive index by the Z-scan method , 2002 .

[14]  N. Melikechi,et al.  Experimental and theoretical investigation of thermal lensing effects in mode-locked femtosecond Z-scan experiments , 2002 .

[15]  Emmanuel Koudoumas,et al.  An experimental investigation of the nonlinear refractive index (n2) of carbon disulfide and toluene by spectral shearing interferometry and z-scan techniques , 2003 .

[16]  Koji Ohta,et al.  Two-photon-absorption-induced accumulated thermal effect on femtosecond Z-scan experiments studied with time-resolved thermal-lens spectrometry and its simulation , 2003 .

[17]  M. Lipson,et al.  All-optical control of light on a silicon chip , 2004, Nature.

[18]  L. Razzari,et al.  Z-scan measurements using high repetition rate lasers: how to manage thermal effects. , 2005, Optics express.

[19]  W. Denk,et al.  Deep tissue two-photon microscopy , 2005, Nature Methods.

[20]  R. E. de Araujo,et al.  Thermally managed eclipse Z-scan. , 2007, Optics express.

[21]  Dan Fu,et al.  Nonlinear Absorption Microscopy † , 2009, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[22]  Yinglin Song,et al.  Direct observation of the transient thermal-lensing effect using the phase-object Z-scan technique. , 2009, Optics letters.

[23]  A. Dvornikov,et al.  Two-photon three-dimensional optical storage memory. , 2009, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[24]  H. Schmitzer,et al.  Eliminating thermal effects in z-scan measurements of thin PTCDA films. , 2014, Optics express.

[25]  M. Mahdi,et al.  Frequency and duty cycle modulation optimization in minimizing thermal accumulation effect in Z-scan measurement with high-repetition-rate laser , 2014 .

[26]  Francisco E. Robles,et al.  Invited Review Article: Pump-probe microscopy. , 2016, The Review of scientific instruments.