Advanced Algebraic Concepts for Efficient Multi-Channel Signal Processing

Unsere moderne Gesellschaft ist Zeuge eines fundamentalen Wandels in der Art und Weise wie wir mit Technologie interagieren. Gerate werden zunehmend intelligenter - sie verfugen uber mehr und mehr Rechenleistung und haufiger uber eigene Kommunikationsschnittstellen. Das beginnt bei einfachen Haushaltsgeraten und reicht uber Transportmittel bis zu grosen uberregionalen Systemen wie etwa dem Stromnetz. Die Erfassung, die Verarbeitung und der Austausch digitaler Informationen gewinnt daher immer mehr an Bedeutung. Die Tatsache, dass ein wachsender Anteil der Gerate heutzutage mobil und deshalb batteriebetrieben ist, begrundet den Anspruch, digitale Signalverarbeitungsalgorithmen besonders effizient zu gestalten. Dies kommt auch dem Wunsch nach einer Echtzeitverarbeitung der grosen anfallenden Datenmengen zugute. Die vorliegende Arbeit demonstriert Methoden zum Finden effizienter algebraischer Losungen fur eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen mehrkanaliger digitaler Signalverarbeitung. Solche Ansatze liefern nicht immer unbedingt die bestmogliche Losung, kommen dieser jedoch haufig recht nahe und sind gleichzeitig bedeutend einfacher zu beschreiben und umzusetzen. Die einfache Beschreibungsform ermoglicht eine tiefgehende Analyse ihrer Leistungsfahigkeit, was fur den Entwurf eines robusten und zuverlassigen Systems unabdingbar ist. Die Tatsache, dass sie nur gebrauchliche algebraische Hilfsmittel benotigen, erlaubt ihre direkte und zugige Umsetzung und den Test unter realen Bedingungen. Diese Grundidee wird anhand von drei verschiedenen Anwendungsgebieten demonstriert. Zunachst wird ein semi-algebraisches Framework zur Berechnung der kanonisch polyadischen (CP) Zerlegung mehrdimensionaler Signale vorgestellt. Dabei handelt es sich um ein sehr grundlegendes Werkzeug der multilinearen Algebra mit einem breiten Anwendungsspektrum von Mobilkommunikation uber Chemie bis zur Bildverarbeitung. Verglichen mit existierenden iterativen Losungsverfahren bietet das neue Framework die Moglichkeit, den Rechenaufwand und damit die Gute der erzielten Losung zu steuern. Es ist auserdem weniger anfallig gegen eine schlechte Konditionierung der Ausgangsdaten. Das zweite Gebiet, das in der Arbeit besprochen wird, ist die unterraumbasierte hochauflosende Parameterschatzung fur mehrdimensionale Signale, mit Anwendungsgebieten im RADAR, der Modellierung von Wellenausbreitung, oder bildgebenden Verfahren in der Medizin. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich derartige mehrdimensionale Signale mit Tensoren darstellen lassen. Dies erlaubt eine naturlichere Beschreibung und eine bessere Ausnutzung ihrer Struktur als das mit Matrizen moglich ist. Basierend auf dieser Idee entwickeln wir eine tensor-basierte Schatzung des Signalraums, welche genutzt werden kann um beliebige existierende Matrix-basierte Verfahren zu verbessern. Dies wird im Anschluss exemplarisch am Beispiel der ESPRIT-artigen Verfahren gezeigt, fur die verbesserte Versionen vorgeschlagen werden, die die mehrdimensionale Struktur der Daten (Tensor-ESPRIT), nichzirkulare Quellsymbole (NC ESPRIT), sowie beides gleichzeitig (NC Tensor-ESPRIT) ausnutzen. Um die endgultige Schatzgenauigkeit objektiv einschatzen zu konnen wird dann ein Framework fur die analytische Beschreibung der Leistungsfahigkeit beliebiger ESPRIT-artiger Algorithmen diskutiert. Verglichen mit existierenden analytischen Ausdrucken ist unser Ansatz allgemeiner, da keine Annahmen uber die statistische Verteilung von Nutzsignal und Rauschen benotigt werden und die Anzahl der zur Verfugung stehenden Schnappschusse beliebig klein sein kann. Dies fuhrt auf vereinfachte Ausdrucke fur den mittleren quadratischen Schatzfehler, die Schlussfolgerungen uber die Effizienz der Verfahren unter verschiedenen Bedingungen zulassen. Das dritte Anwendungsgebiet ist der bidirektionale Datenaustausch mit Hilfe von Relay-Stationen. Insbesondere liegt hier der Fokus auf Zwei-Wege-Relaying mit Hilfe von Amplify-and-Forward-Relays mit mehreren Antennen, da dieser Ansatz ein besonders gutes Kosten-Nutzen-Verhaltnis verspricht. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die notige Kanalkenntnis mit einem einfachen algebraischen Tensor-basierten Schatzverfahren gewinnen lasst. Auserdem werden Verfahren zum Finden einer gunstigen Relay-Verstarkungs-Strategie diskutiert. Bestehende Ansatze basieren entweder auf komplexen numerischen Optimierungsverfahren oder auf Ad-Hoc-Ansatzen die keine zufriedenstellende Bitfehlerrate oder Summenrate liefern. Deshalb schlagen wir algebraische Ansatze zum Finden der Relayverstarkungsmatrix vor, die von relevanten Systemmetriken inspiriert sind und doch einfach zu berechnen sind. Wir zeigen das algebraische ANOMAX-Verfahren zum Erreichen einer niedrigen Bitfehlerrate und seine Modifikation RR-ANOMAX zum Erreichen einer hohen Summenrate. Fur den Spezialfall, in dem die Endgerate nur eine Antenne verwenden, leiten wir eine semi-algebraische Losung zum Finden der Summenraten-optimalen Strategie (RAGES) her. Anhand von numerischen Simulationen wird die Leistungsfahigkeit dieser Verfahren bezuglich Bitfehlerrate und erreichbarer Datenrate bewertet und ihre Effektivitat gezeigt.

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