Optimal detection strategy for super-resolving quantum lidar

The description of quantum lidar in the presence of photon loss and phase noise is presented. Taylor series is directly exploited to expand the interference signal to separate the detected phase and the phase noise. The analytical expression of interference signal and its sensitivity are illustrated by binary outcome homodyne, parity photon counting, and zero-nonzero photon counting detection. Numerical calculation indicates that homodyne detection has the best sensitivity and resolution and should be considered as the optimal detection strategy for quantum lidar in the diffusion region of κ<10−2. However, parity detection should be the best detection scheme for resolution, and zero-nonzero detection represents the optimal detection for sensitivity in the rest region. Finally, zero-nonzero detection produces better sensitivity than parity detection.

[1]  Jonathan P. Dowling,et al.  Super-resolution at the shot-noise limit with coherent states and photon-number-resolving detectors , 2009, 0907.2382.

[2]  Tae-Woo Lee,et al.  Optimization of quantum interferometric metrological sensors in the presence of photon loss , 2009, 0908.3008.

[3]  L. You,et al.  Quantum-limited metrology in the presence of collisional dephasing , 2010, 1011.3197.

[4]  Christopher C. Gerry,et al.  Heisenberg-limit interferometry with four-wave mixers operating in a nonlinear regime , 2000 .

[5]  L. Davidovich,et al.  Quantum metrological limits via a variational approach. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[6]  Qiang Wang,et al.  Pseudorandom modulation quantum secured lidar , 2015 .

[7]  Saikat Guha,et al.  LADAR resolution improvement using receivers enhanced with squeezed-vacuum injection and phase-sensitive amplification , 2010 .

[8]  Franco Nori,et al.  Fisher information under decoherence in Bloch representation , 2012, 1212.0917.

[9]  Brian J. Smith,et al.  Optimal quantum phase estimation. , 2008, Physical review letters.

[10]  Jonathan P. Dowling,et al.  A quantum Rosetta stone for interferometry , 2002, quant-ph/0202133.

[11]  Y. Weinstein,et al.  Use of maximally entangled N-photon states for practical quantum interferometry , 2008 .

[12]  D. James,et al.  Nonexistence of entanglement sudden death in dephasing of high NOON states. , 2008, Optics letters.

[13]  Deterministic superresolution with coherent states at the shot noise limit. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[14]  Sean D. Huver,et al.  Entangled Fock states for Robust Quantum Optical Metrology, Imaging, and Sensing , 2008, 0805.0296.

[15]  G. R. Jin,et al.  Quantum interferometry with binary-outcome measurements in the presence of phase diffusion , 2014 .

[16]  Stefano Olivares,et al.  Optical phase estimation in the presence of phase diffusion. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[17]  Seth Lloyd,et al.  Quantum illumination versus coherent-state target detection , 2009, 0902.0986.

[18]  J. Dowling.  Quantum optical metrology – the lowdown on high-N00N states , 2008, 0904.0163.

[19]  Effects of Phase Fluctuations on Phase Sensitivity and Visibility of Path-Entangled Photon Fock States , 2013, 1307.4770.

[20]  S. Lloyd,et al.  Quantum-Enhanced Measurements: Beating the Standard Quantum Limit , 2004, Science.

[21]  K. Banaszek,et al.  Quantum phase estimation with lossy interferometers , 2009, 0904.0456.

[22]  Jonathan P. Dowling,et al.  Super-resolving quantum radar: Coherent-state sources with homodyne detection suffice to beat the diffraction limit , 2013, 1305.4162.

[23]  L. Cohen,et al.  Super-resolved phase measurements at the shot noise limit by parity measurement. , 2014, Optics express.

[24]  Sumanth Kaushik,et al.  Loss-induced limits to phase measurement precision with maximally entangled states , 2007 .

[25]  Wineland,et al.  Optimal frequency measurements with maximally correlated states. , 1996, Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

[26]  Abrams,et al.  Quantum interferometric optical lithography: exploiting entanglement to beat the diffraction limit , 1999, Physical review letters.