Ferroelectric polymers and their applications

The piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2) was recently classified as a polymeric ferroelectric. The physical properties of PVF2 are reviewed to justify this definition. Applications are classified on the basis of transduction mechanism including electrical to mechanical, mechanical to electrical, thermal to mechanical, thermal to electrical, and optical to mechanical. Applications in each of these classifications are surveyed, and advantages and disadvantages of using polymeric ferroelectrics rather than more conventional materials are described.

[1]  Jacques Lewiner,et al.  Piezoelectric electret transducer for ultrasonic generation and detection up to microwave frequencies , 1976 .

[2]  M. Toda.  A PVF2piezoelectric bimorph device for sensing presence and position of other objects , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[3]  P. Buchman.  Pyroelectric and switching properties of polyvinylidene fluoride film , 1973 .

[4]  J. Plummer,et al.  On the Generation of High-Frequency Acoustic Energy with Polyvinylidene Fluoride , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics.

[5]  K. Tashiro,et al.  Molecular Vibrations of Three Crystal Forms of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) , 1975 .

[6]  F. Micheron,et al.  Moulded piezoelectric transducers using polar polymers , 1978 .

[7]  Yozo Chatani,et al.  Crystal Structures of Three Crystalline Forms of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) , 1972 .

[8]  Michael A. Marcus,et al.  The deflection-bandwidth product of poly(vinylidene fluoride) benders and related structures , 1981 .

[9]  J. Plummer,et al.  Integrated silicon-PVF2acoustic transducer arrays , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[10]  M. Tamura,et al.  Some aspects of piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity in uniaxially stretched poly(vinylidene fluoride) , 1977 .

[11]  R. Lerch,et al.  Microphones with rigidly supported piezopolymer membranes , 1980 .

[12]  R. Wagers.  Low‐temperature Lamb wave propagation in PVF2 , 1980 .

[13]  A. M. Glass,et al.  Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials , 1977 .

[14]  R. Kepler,et al.  Piezoelectricity, Pyroelectricity, and Ferroelectricity in Organic Materials , 1978 .

[15]  C. Hamilton,et al.  Spectral Reference Detector For The Visible To 12-microM Region; Convenient, Spectrally Flat. , 1976, Applied optics.

[16]  Minoru Toda,et al.  Theory of air flow generation by a resonant type PVF2 bimorph cantilever vibrator , 1978 .

[17]  J. Lando,et al.  The polymorphism of poly(vinylidene fluoride). II. The effect of hydrostatic pressure , 1968 .

[18]  Timothy D. Sullivan,et al.  Piezoelectric polymer flexural disk hydrophone , 1978 .

[19]  L. Garn,et al.  Pyroelectric Vidicon Target Materials , 1974 .

[20]  Hiroji Ohigashi,et al.  Light Modulation by Ultrasonic Waves from Piezoelectric Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films , 1975 .

[21]  Seymour Edelman,et al.  Piezoelectric polymer probe for ultrasonic applications , 1981 .

[22]  G. R. Crane,et al.  Pyroelectricity and Optical Second Harmonic Generation in Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films , 1971 .

[23]  B. Woodward,et al.  Underwater Acoustic Measurements on Polyvinylidene Fluoride Transducers , 1978 .

[24]  S. Kokorowski.  Analysis of adaptive optical elements made from piezolectric bimorphs , 1979 .

[25]  M. Litt,et al.  The Crystal Structure of the ? Phase of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) , 1980 .

[26]  R. L. Peterson,et al.  The Polarization of PVF and PVF2 Pyroelectrics , 1974 .

[27]  Toshikazu Yoshimi,et al.  Electroacoustic Transducers with Piezoelectric High Polymer Films , 1975 .

[28]  G. T. Davis,et al.  Plasma poling of poly(vinylidene fluoride): Piezo‐ and pyroelectric response , 1980 .

[29]  T Sato,et al.  Transmission-type PVDF 2-D optical phase modulator. , 1981, Applied optics.

[30]  Reinhard Lerch.  Electroacoustic transducers using piezoelectric polyvinylidenefluoride films , 1979 .

[31]  J. Geist,et al.  Infrared reflectometry with a cavity-shaped pyroelectric detector. , 1974, Applied optics.

[32]  S. Shtrikman,et al.  Pyroelectric PVF(2) infrared detector arrays. , 1981, Applied optics.

[33]  S. Osaka,et al.  Vibrational fan using the piezoelectric polymer PVF2 , 1979, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[34]  Steven C. Roth,et al.  Electric‐field‐induced phase changes in poly(vinylidene fluoride) , 1978 .

[35]  Robert A. Anderson,et al.  Ferroelectricity in polyvinylidene fluoride , 1978 .

[36]  Pyroelectric copying process , 1972 .

[37]  D. Y. Yoon,et al.  Orientation of crystalline dipoles in poly(vinylidene fluoride) films under electric field , 1978 .

[38]  N. Murayama,et al.  The strong piezoelectricity in polyvinylidene fluroide (PVDF) , 1976 .

[39]  S. Osaka,et al.  Large area display element using PVF2bimorph with double-support structure , 1980 .

[40]  W. Prest,et al.  The morphology and thermal response of high‐temperature–crystallized poly(vinylidene fluoride) , 1975 .

[41]  K. Dransfeld,et al.  Der piezoelektrische Effekt in Polyvinyliden Fluorid und seine Anwendungen , 1979 .

[42]  Munehiro Date,et al.  Hysteresis phenomena in polyvinylidene fluoride under high electric field , 1980 .

[43]  M. Marcus.  Controlling the piezoelectric activity distribution in poly(vinylidene fluoride) transducers , 1981 .

[44]  G. R. Crane,et al.  Pyroelectric and nonlinear optical properties of poled polyvinylidene fluoride films , 1972 .

[45]  S. Roth,et al.  Room Temperature Poling of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) with Deposited Metal Electrodes. , 1979, Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards.

[46]  M. Toda.  High field dielectric loss of PVF2 and the electromechanical conversion efficiency ofa PVF2 fan , 1978 .

[47]  J. Plummer,et al.  Monolithic Silicon-PVF2 Piezoelectric Arrays for Ultrasonic Imaging , 1980 .

[48]  J. Lando,et al.  A reexamination of the crystal structure of phase II of poly(vinylidene fluoride) , 1981 .

[49]  M. Tamura,et al.  Piezoelectricity in uniaxially stretched poly(vinylidene fluoride) , 1974 .

[50]  T Sato,et al.  Adaptive PVDF piezoelectric deformable mirror system. , 1980, Applied optics.

[51]  P. Southgate.  Room‐temperature poling and morphology changes in pyroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride , 1976 .