Optical brightener M2R destroys the peritrophic membrane of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae.

Observations under an environmental scanning electron microscope showed that the peritrophic membrane (PM) of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) was smooth without pores, but there were many pores and slits in the PM of larvae fed with 10 g L(-1) optical brightener Calcofluor white M2R. After incubation of S. exigua PM in vitro with 10 g L(-1) M2R, a significant amount of proteins was released from the PM structure. M2R disrupted the structure of larval PM, resulting in greatly increased permeability and increased larval susceptibility to Syngrapha falcifera multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus infection. Continuous feeding of larvae on a diet treated with a 10 g L(-1) M2R solution significantly retarded larval development and resulted in high mortality. The destructive effect of M2R on PM was transient and reversible, depending on the presence of M2R within the midgut.

[1]  B. Bonning,et al.  Potential of Agrotis ipsilon Nucleopolyhedrovirus for Suppression of the Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Effect of an Optical Brightener on Virus Efficacy , 2001, Journal of economic entomology.

[2]  L. Volkman,et al.  Comparative pathogenesis of Helicoverpa zea S nucleopolyhedrovirus in noctuid larvae. , 2001, The Journal of general virology.

[3]  I. S. Otvos,et al.  Differences in activity enhancement of a baculovirus by an optical brightener between Choristoneura fumiferana and Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) , 2001, The Canadian Entomologist.

[4]  R. Granados,et al.  Calcofluor disrupts the midgut defense system in insects. , 2000, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.

[5]  I. S. Otvos,et al.  Comparison of the activity enhancement of a baculovirus by optical brighteners against laboratory and field strains of Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) , 1999 .

[6]  J. Peng,et al.  A baculovirus enhancin alters the permeability of a mucosal midgut peritrophic matrix from lepidopteran larvae. , 1999, Journal of insect physiology.

[7]  R. R. Granados,et al.  Enhancin, the granulosis virus protein that facilitates nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) infections, is a metalloprotease. , 1996, Journal of invertebrate pathology.

[8]  S. Y. Young,et al.  Use of a Fluorescent Brightener to Improve Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Activity in the Laboratory and Field , 1996 .

[9]  M. Shapiro,et al.  In Vitro Effects of Fluorescent Brightener on the Efficacy of Occlusion Body Dissolution and Polyhedral-Derived Virions , 1995 .

[10]  M. Shapiro,et al.  Light and Electron Microscopic Investigations on the Histopathology of the Midgut of Gypsy Moth Larvae Infected with LdMNPV Plus a Fluorescent Brightener , 1994 .

[11]  D. A. Hammer,et al.  Interaction of Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus-encoded enhancin with the midgut epithelium and peritrophic membrane of four lepidopteran insects. , 1994, The Journal of general virology.

[12]  M. Shapiro,et al.  Enhancement in Activity of Homologous and Heterologous Viruses Against the Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) by an Optical Brightener , 1994 .

[13]  M. Shapiro,et al.  Infectivity of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Enhanced by a Fluorescent Brightener , 1992 .

[14]  J. Robertson,et al.  Enhancement of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Baculovirus Activity by Optical Brighteners , 1992 .

[15]  R. R. Granados,et al.  In vivo enhancement of baculovirus infection by the viral enhancing factor of a granulosis virus of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) , 1991 .

[16]  R. R. Granados,et al.  Alteration of a lepidopteran peritrophic membrane by baculoviruses and enhancement of viral infectivity. , 1988, Virology.

[17]  M. Adang,et al.  The peritrophic membrane: Ultrastructural analysis and function as a mechanical barrier to microbial infection in , 1978 .

[18]  L. Volkman,et al.  Evidence That the Stilbene-Derived Optical Brightener M2R EnhancesAutographa californicaM Nucleopolyhedrovirus Infection ofTrichoplusia niandHeliothis virescensby Preventing Sloughing of Infected Midgut Epithelial Cells , 1998 .

[19]  Lehane Mj.  Peritrophic matrix structure and function. , 1997 .

[20]  S. Y. Young,et al.  Enhancement of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Activity in Larval Pests of Lepidoptera by a Stilbene Fluorescent Brightner , 1994 .

[21]  M. Adang,et al.  Permeability of the peritrophic membrane of the Douglas fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata) , 1983 .

[22]  A. Richards,et al.  The peritrophic membranes of insects. , 1977, Annual review of entomology.