Fully automated time domain spectrometer for the absorption and scattering characterization of diffusive media.

We describe a system for absorption and scattering spectroscopy of diffusive media based on time-resolved reflectance and transmittance measurements. The system is operated with mode-locked lasers tunable in the 550-1050 nm spectral range and on a detection chain based on time-correlated single-photon counting. All measurement procedures such as laser tuning and optimization, signal conditioning, data acquisition, and analysis are completely automated, permitting spectral measurements over the whole range in a few minutes. The criticalities of the system are discussed together with the strategies to compensate them. The Medphot protocol devised for the characterization of photon migration instruments was applied to assess the system performances in terms of accuracy, linearity, noise, stability, and reproducibility. Finally, an example of application of the instrument to the spectroscopy of powders is presented.

[1]  R. Cubeddu,et al.  Nondestructive quantification of chemical and physical properties of fruits by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy in the wavelength range 650-1000 nm. , 2001, Applied optics.

[2]  Alessandro Torricelli,et al.  Noninvasive absorption and scattering spectroscopy of bulk diffusive media: An application to the optical characterization of human breast , 1999 .

[3]  R. Doornbos,et al.  The determination of in vivo human tissue optical properties and absolute chromophore concentrations using spatially resolved steady-state diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. , 1999, Physics in medicine and biology.

[4]  A. Sorensen,et al.  Improved sensitivity to cerebral hemodynamics during brain activation with a time-gated optical system: analytical model and experimental validation. , 2005, Journal of biomedical optics.

[5]  B. Wilson,et al.  Time resolved reflectance and transmittance for the non-invasive measurement of tissue optical properties. , 1989, Applied optics.

[6]  D. Boas,et al.  Non-invasive neuroimaging using near-infrared light , 2002, Biological Psychiatry.

[7]  Stefan Andersson-Engels,et al.  Comparison of spatially and temporally resolved diffuse-reflectance measurement systems for determination of biomedical optical properties. , 2003, Applied optics.

[8]  D T Delpy,et al.  Anisotropic Photon Migration in Human Skeletal Muscle , 2022 .

[9]  S L Jacques,et al.  Optical properties of intralipid: A phantom medium for light propagation studies , 1992, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[10]  Paola Taroni,et al.  Time-resolved reflectance: a systematic study for application to the optical characterization of tissues , 1994 .

[11]  Stefan Andersson-Engels,et al.  Time and wavelength resolved spectroscopy of turbid media using light continuum generated in a crystal fiber. , 2004, Optics express.

[12]  J. S. Dam,et al.  Quantifying the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of tissuelike turbid media over a broad spectral range with noncontact Fourier-transform hyperspectral imaging. , 2000, Applied optics.

[13]  Jürgen Beuthan,et al.  Sagittal laser optical tomography for imaging of rheumatoid finger joints. , 2004, Physics in medicine and biology.

[14]  Alessandro Torricelli,et al.  Time-resolved spectrophotometer for turbid media based on supercontinuum generation in a photonic crystal fiber. , 2004, Optics letters.

[15]  H. J. van Staveren,et al.  Light scattering in Intralipid-10% in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nm. , 1991, Applied optics.

[16]  Alessandro Torricelli,et al.  Mapping of calf muscle oxygenation and haemoglobin content during dynamic plantar flexion exercise by multi-channel time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy , 2004, Physics in medicine and biology.

[17]  Effects of photodynamic therapy on the absorption properties of disulphonated aluminum phthalocyanine in tumor-bearing mice. , 2001, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[18]  Stefan Andersson-Engels,et al.  Time-Resolved NIR/Vis Spectroscopy for Analysis of Solids: Pharmaceutical Tablets , 2002 .

[19]  Vasilis Ntziachristos,et al.  Looking and listening to light: the evolution of whole-body photonic imaging , 2005, Nature Biotechnology.

[20]  R Cubeddu,et al.  Experimental test of theoretical models for time-resolved reflectance. , 1996, Medical physics.

[21]  E. Sevick-Muraca,et al.  Frequency-domain photon migration measurements for quantitative assessment of powder absorbance: A novel sensor of blend homogeneity. , 1999, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[22]  D T Delpy,et al.  In vivo measurements of the wavelength dependence of tissue-scattering coefficients between 760 and 900 nm measured with time-resolved spectroscopy. , 1997, Applied optics.

[23]  S. Arridge,et al.  INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY , 2003 .

[24]  Yukio Yamada,et al.  Multichannel time-resolved optical tomographic imaging system , 1999 .

[25]  Alessandro Torricelli,et al.  Performance assessment of photon migration instruments: the MEDPHOT protocol , 2005 .

[26]  S Andersson-Engels,et al.  Multispectral tissue characterization with time-resolved detection of diffusely scattered white light. , 1993, Optics letters.

[27]  B. Tromberg,et al.  Broad bandwidth frequency domain instrument for quantitative tissue optical spectroscopy , 2000 .

[28]  Hua-bei Jiang,et al.  Three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography of bones and joints. , 2002, Journal of biomedical optics.

[29]  Alessandro Torricelli,et al.  Spectroscopic time-resolved diffuse reflectance and transmittance measurements of the female breast at different interfiber distances , 2019 .

[30]  Alessandro Torricelli,et al.  Time-Resolved Reflectance Spectroscopy Applied to the Nondestructive Monitoring of the Internal Optical Properties in Apples , 2001 .

[31]  David A. Boas,et al.  Optics in Neuroscience , 2005 .

[32]  R. Cubeddu,et al.  In vivo optical characterization of human tissues from 610 to 1010 nm by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy. , 2001, Physics in medicine and biology.

[33]  L. O. Svaasand,et al.  Boundary conditions for the diffusion equation in radiative transfer. , 1994, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[34]  A. Villringer,et al.  Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function , 1997, Trends in Neurosciences.

[35]  E Gratton,et al.  Measurements of scattering and absorption changes in muscle and brain. , 1997, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[36]  Alessandro Torricelli,et al.  Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on the Red and Near-infrared Optical Properties of the Human Breast¶ , 2000, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[37]  K. T. Moesta,et al.  Time-domain optical mammography: initial clinical results on detection and characterization of breast tumors. , 2003, Applied optics.

[38]  Britton Chance,et al.  Accuracy limits in the determination of absolute optical properties using time-resolved NIR spectroscopy. , 2001 .

[39]  J. Mourant,et al.  Predictions and measurements of scattering and absorption over broad wavelength ranges in tissue phantoms. , 1997, Applied optics.

[40]  Anthony J. Durkin,et al.  Modulated imaging: quantitative analysis and tomography of turbid media in the spatial-frequency domain. , 2005, Optics letters.

[41]  Frequency domain laser scanning mammography of the breast — First clinical evaluation study , 1997 .

[42]  B. Pogue,et al.  Quantitative hemoglobin tomography with diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy: pilot results in the breast. , 2001, Radiology.

[43]  Alessandro Torricelli,et al.  Optical biopsy of bone tissue: a step toward the diagnosis of bone pathologies. , 2004, Journal of biomedical optics.

[44]  G Zaccanti,et al.  Time-resolved spectroscopy of the human forearm. , 1992, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[45]  Albert Cerussi,et al.  Noninvasive functional optical spectroscopy of human breast tissue , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[46]  A. Stentz,et al.  Visible continuum generation in air–silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800 nm , 2000 .

[47]  R. Cubeddu,et al.  Clinical trial of time-resolved scanning optical mammography at 4 wavelengths between 683 and 975 nm. , 2004, Journal of biomedical optics.

[48]  Robert R. Alfano,et al.  The Supercontinuum Laser Source , 1989 .

[49]  Rinaldo Cubeddu,et al.  In vivo absorption spectroscopy of tumor sensitizers with femtosecond white light. , 2005, Applied optics.

[50]  R Cubeddu,et al.  ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE in vivo IN A MURINE TUMOR MODEL , 1994, Photochemistry and photobiology.