Enhancement of polypyrrole linear actuation with poly(ethylene oxide)

Abstract In the present paper, we report the electro-chemo-mechanical deformation (ECMD) measurements of pristine polypyrrole (PPy) and polypyrrole/poly(ethylene oxide) composite films doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) under isotonic (constant force) conditions. The PPy/DBS and PPy-PEO/DBS films, the latter made from a polymerization solution containing 5 wt% PEO, were actuated potentiodynamically in an aqueous solution containing lithium bis-trifluoromethane-sulfonimide (LiTFSI). The obtained composite films were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results confirmed the successful incorporation of PEO within the PPy film. The composite films showed a remarkable improvement in maximum strain achieved (of 7.7%), nearly double that of the pristine PPy/DBS film, had a higher conductivity, higher ion diffusion coefficient and faster strain rate. The ECMD measurements for both the pristine as well as the PEO-composite films showed cation driven actuation involving the migration of Li + cations in the aqueous electrolyte.

[1]  Hui Peng,et al.  Scavenging of DPPH free radicals by polypyrrole powders of varying levels of overoxidation and/or reduction , 2008 .

[2]  Gerald Urban,et al.  Effect of electrochemical synthesis conditions on deflection of PEDOT bilayers , 2007 .

[3]  Cédric Plesse,et al.  Robust solid polymer electrolyte for conducting IPN actuators , 2013 .

[4]  T. Theophanides,et al.  An FTIR study of the role of H2O and D2O in the aging mechanism of conductive polypyrroles , 2004 .

[5]  Edwin Jager,et al.  Soft linear electroactive polymer actuators based on polypyrrole , 2015, Smart Structures.

[6]  G. Thompson,et al.  Preparation and Surface Analysis of PPY/SDBS Films on Aluminum Substrates , 2001 .

[7]  A. Barakat,et al.  Preparation, characterization, and electrical conductivity of polypyrrole composite films , 2004 .

[8]  Keiichi Kaneto,et al.  Comparison of Conducting Polymer Actuators Based on Polypyrrole Doped with BF4−, PF6−, CF3SO3−, and ClO4− , 2005 .

[9]  P. Novák,et al.  Self‐Discharge Rate of the Polypyrrole‐Polyethylene Oxide Composite Electrode , 1988 .

[10]  W. Takashima,et al.  TFSI-doped polypyrrole actuator with 26% strain , 2004 .

[11]  K. West,et al.  Mechanism of Actuation in Conducting Polymers: Osmotic Expansion , 2001 .

[12]  Abderrahmane Kheddar,et al.  Conducting IPN actuators: From polymer chemistry to actuator with linear actuation , 2006 .

[13]  Pejman Rasti,et al.  Electro-chemo-mechanical deformation properties of polypyrrole/dodecylbenzenesulfate linear actuators in aqueous and organic electrolyte , 2016 .

[14]  T. F. Otero,et al.  Effect of the electrolyte concentration and substrate on conducting polymer actuators. , 2014, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[15]  A. Aabloo,et al.  Carbide-derived carbon in polypyrrole changing the elastic modulus with a huge impact on actuation , 2016 .

[16]  Toribio F. Otero,et al.  Polypyrrole: Diffusion Coefficients and Degradation by Overoxidation , 2004 .

[17]  E. Smela.  Conjugated Polymer Actuators for Biomedical Applications , 2003 .

[18]  Petr Novák,et al.  Cycling behaviour of the polypyrrole—polyethylene oxide composite electrode , 1987 .

[19]  Toribio F. Otero,et al.  Activation energy for polypyrrole oxidation: film thickness influence , 2011 .

[20]  Toribio F. Otero,et al.  Ionic exchanges, structural movements and driven reactions in conducting polymers from bending artificial muscles , 2014 .

[21]  T. F. Otero,et al.  Biomimetic Structural Electrochemistry from Conducting Polymers: Processes, Charges, and Energies. Coulovoltammetric Results from Films on Metals Revisited , 2013 .

[22]  Gholamreza Anbarjafari,et al.  Interpenetrated triple polymeric layer as electrochemomechanical actuator: Solvent influence and diffusion coefficient of counterions , 2017 .

[23]  S. Sewa,et al.  Highly Stretchable and Powerful Polypyrrole Linear Actuators , 2003 .

[24]  Cédric Plesse,et al.  Electro-active Interpenetrating Polymer Networks actuators and strain sensors: Fabrication, position control and sensing properties , 2014 .

[25]  Keld West,et al.  Simultaneous anion and cation mobility in polypyrrole , 2003 .

[26]  B. Hwang,et al.  Enhancement of conductivity stability of polypyrrole films modified by valence copper and polyethylene oxide in an oxygen atmosphere , 2000 .

[27]  C. Jérôme,et al.  Ion-exchange properties of polypyrrole doped by ω-carboxylated polyethyleneoxide , 1999 .

[28]  Poonam Sharma,et al.  Structural and Conductivity Studies of Poly(Ethylene Oxide)—Silver Triflate Polymer Electrolyte System , 2011 .

[29]  C. Rettner,et al.  Vibrational promotion of electron transfer. , 2000, Science.

[30]  E. Smela,et al.  Microfabricating conjugated polymer actuators. , 2000, Science.

[31]  Q. Pei,et al.  Electrochemical applications of the bending beam method. 1. Mass transport and volume changes in polypyrrole during redox , 1992 .

[32]  Seong H. Kim,et al.  Fabrication of Electrically Conducting Polypyrrole‐Poly(ethylene oxide) Composite Nanofibers , 2005 .

[33]  H. Grande,et al.  Solvent effects on the charge storage ability in polypyrrole , 1999 .

[34]  Yu Chuan Liu.  Method of evaluating the ionic conductance of polypyrrole films and improvement of ionic conductance of polyethylene oxide-incorporated polypyrrole composite , 2003 .

[35]  P. A. Savale,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Ppy-PVS, Ppy-pTS, and Ppy-DBS Composite Films , 2007 .

[36]  G. Wallace,et al.  Polypyrrole doped with redox-active poly(2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid) for lithium secondary batteries , 2013 .

[37]  K. Kaneto.  Research Trends of Soft Actuators based on Electroactive Polymers and Conducting Polymers , 2016 .

[38]  N. Ogata,et al.  Ion conduction mechanism in network polymers from poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) containing lithium perchlorate , 1986 .

[39]  D. De Rossi,et al.  Performance and work capacity of a polypyrrole conducting polymer linear actuator , 1997 .

[40]  T. F. Otero,et al.  Structural electrochemistry. Chronopotentiometric responses from rising compacted polypyrrole electrodes: experiments and model , 2014 .

[41]  Gholamreza Anbarjafari,et al.  Polymeric actuators: Solvents tune reaction-driven cation to reaction-driven anion actuation , 2016 .

[42]  S. K. Srivastava,et al.  Enhancements in Conductivity and Thermal Stabilities of Polypyrrole/ Polyurethane Nanoblends , 2011 .

[43]  C. Plesse,et al.  Demonstrating kHz Frequency Actuation for Conducting Polymer Microactuators , 2014 .

[44]  T. F. Otero,et al.  Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers , 1995 .

[45]  J. Travas-sejdic,et al.  Effect of polymerization potential on the actuation of free standing poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene films in a propylene carbonate electrolyte , 2010 .