Securing the Future of Mangroves

3 7 9 13 21 27 41 45 Mangroves planted in and around aquaculture ponds in Java, Indonesia. Mark Spalding 3 Key Messages and Recommendations Mangrove ecosystems, status, trends and challenges Mangrove forests are globally rare and cover an area of only around 152,000 km 2 in 123 tropical and subtropical nations and territories; this is less than 1% of all tropical forests worldwide, and less than 0.4% of the total global forest estate. Mangrove ecosystems are valuable both economically and ecologically, offering a considerable array of ecosystem goods and services. They are vital for the wellbe-ing, food security, and protection of coastal communities worldwide and are also rich in biodiversity: • Mangrove BLOCKINforests BLOCKINserve BLOCKINas BLOCKINhighly BLOCKINeffective BLOCKINglobal BLOCKINcarbon stores and sinks. Alongside their living biomass, mangrove soils are carbon-rich, sequestering carbon over mil-lennial timescales. • Nearshore fisheries among mangroves are well documented and of critical importance to numerous communities , BLOCKINbut BLOCKINmany BLOCKINlarge-scale BLOCKINfisheries, BLOCKINsuch BLOCKINas BLOCKINcommercial offshore shrimp fisheries, are also highly dependent on mangroves as nursery or breeding grounds. • Mangroves provide rot resistant, high value timber and excellent fuelwood which has been harvested in sustainable forestry programmes in some countries for over 120 years. • In many settings, mangroves act as a form of natural coastal defence: reducing erosion, attenuating waves and even reducing the height of storm surges. Over the long-term, they can also help build or maintain elevation in the face of rising seas. Economic valuations of mangrove ecosystem goods and services provide some of the most powerful arguments for effective mangrove management. A growing number of economic valuations reveal the considerable benefits BLOCKINof BLOCKINmangroves, BLOCKINeven BLOCKINtowards BLOCKINsingle BLOCKINservices BLOCKINsuch as fisheries. When the full suite of ecosystem services is assessed, the arguments for maintaining healthy mangrove forests are compelling. Rapid degradation or loss of mangroves is continuing in most areas. Despite declining rates of loss, mangroves are BLOCKINstill BLOCKINdisappearing BLOCKINthree BLOCKINto BLOCKINfive BLOCKINtimes BLOCKINfaster BLOCKINthan BLOCKINoverall global forest losses. Some countries have lost more than 40% of their mangrove area over a 25 year period and many remaining areas are in a degraded state. Overall, aquaculture has been the primary global driver for mangrove conversion, followed by urban, coastal and agricultural development. Continued loss of mangrove forests will have serious ecological and socioeconomic impacts. The impacts of loss are disproportionately felt by communities who are most heavily dependent on mangroves for food, …

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