Review of feedback and feedforward noise reduction techniques

Noise reduction techniques based on both feedback and feedforward topologies have been employed over the last few decades to improve phase and amplitude noise of devices and oscillators. Various techniques, both historical and state-of-the-art, are compared in terms of noise performance, circuit complexity and applicability. A comprehensive reference list is included.

[1]  D. J. H. Maclean.  Broadband Feedback Amplifiers , 1982 .

[2]  Fadhel M. Ghannouchi,et al.  A new adaptive double envelope feedback (ADEF) linearizer for mobile radio power amplifiers , 1994, 1994 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (Cat. No.94CH3389-4).

[3]  J. Everard,et al.  Transposed gain microwave oscillators with low residual flicker noise , 1995, Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (49th Annual Symposium).

[4]  A. Luiten,et al.  Cryogenic sapphire resonator-oscillator with exceptional stability: an update , 1994, Proceedings of IEEE 48th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control.

[5]  F.L. Walls,et al.  The origin of 1/f PM and AM noise in bipolar junction transistor amplifiers , 1995, Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (49th Annual Symposium).

[6]  Allen Katz.  Twta Linearization , .

[7]  F.L. Walls,et al.  Comparison of 1/f PM noise in commercial amplifiers , 1997, Proceedings of International Frequency Control Symposium.

[8]  G. Dick,et al.  Improved performance of a temperature compensated LN/sub 2/ cooled sapphire oscillator , 1995, Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (49th Annual Symposium).

[9]  H. Seidel.  A Feedforward Experiment Applied to an L-4 Carrier System Amplifier , 1971 .

[10]  H. S. Black,et al.  Inventing the negative feedback amplifier: Six years of persistent search helped the author conceive the idea “in a flash” aboard the old Lackawanna Ferry , 1977, IEEE Spectrum.

[11]  Svein G. Andresen,et al.  Phase Noise of Various Frequency Doublers , 1973 .

[12]  Venceslav F. Kroupa,et al.  Phase Noise in Signal Sources , 1984 .

[13]  Osamu Ishihara,et al.  A Highly Stabilized GaAs FET Oscillator Using a Dielectric Resonator Feedback Circuit in 9-14 GHz , 1980 .

[14]  H. W. Bode,et al.  Network analysis and feedback amplifier design , 1945 .

[15]  A. Lance,et al.  Phase Noise and AM Noise Measurements in the Frequency Domain , 1984 .

[16]  P. B. Kenington,et al.  The Specification of Error Amplifiers for use in Feedforward Transmitters , 1992 .

[17]  F. L. Walls.  Suppressed carrier based PM and AM noise measurement techniques , 1997, Proceedings of International Frequency Control Symposium.

[18]  Ronald K. Jurgen,et al.  Feedforward correction: a late-blooming design , 1972, IEEE Spectrum.

[19]  M. M. Driscoll,et al.  Spectral performance of sapphire dielectric resonator-controlled oscillators operating in the 80 K to 275 K temperature range , 1995, Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (49th Annual Symposium).

[20]  C. M. Felton,et al.  Extending the range and accuracy of phase noise measurements , 1988, Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Frequency Control Symposium, 1988..

[21]  G. J. Dick,et al.  Measurement and analysis of a microwave oscillator stabilized by a sapphire dielectric ring resonator for ultra-low noise , 1990, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[22]  D. Leeson.  A simple model of feedback oscillator noise spectrum , 1966 .

[23]  M. Tobar,et al.  Experimental study of the noise phenomena in microwave components , 1996, Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium.

[24]  G. J. Dick,et al.  Closed loop tests of the NASA sapphire phase stabilizer , 1993, 1993 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium.

[25]  F. L. Walls,et al.  High spectral purity X-band source , 1990, 44th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control.

[26]  K. Sann.  The Measurement of Near-Carrier Noise in Microwave Amplifiers , 1968 .

[27]  J. G. Ondria,et al.  A Microwave System for Measurements of AM and FM Noise Spectra , 1968 .

[28]  H. Seidel,et al.  A microwave feed-forward experiment , 1971 .

[29]  G. J. Dick,et al.  Microwave frequency discriminator with a cooled sapphire resonator for ultra-low phase noise , 1992, Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE Frequency Control Symposium.

[30]  H. Seidel,et al.  Error-controlled high power linear amplifiers at VHF , 1968 .

[31]  D. P. Tsarapkin.  An uncooled microwave oscillator with 1-million effective Q-factor , 1993, 1993 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium.

[32]  H. S. Black,et al.  Stabilized feedback amplifiers , 1934 .

[33]  H. Nyquist,et al.  The Regeneration Theory , 1954, Journal of Fluids Engineering.

[34]  T. J. Bennett,et al.  Feedforwardߞan alternative approach to amplifier linearization , 1974 .

[35]  D. Halford,et al.  Flicker Noise of Phase in RF Amplifiers and Frequency Multipliers: Characterization, Cause, and Cure , 1968 .

[36]  Michael E. Tobar,et al.  Advanced phase noise suppression technique for next generation of ultra low-noise microwave oscillators , 1995, Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (49th Annual Symposium).

[37]  Michael E. Tobar,et al.  Ultra-low-noise microwave oscillator with advanced phase noise suppression system , 1996 .

[38]  R. Pound,et al.  Electronic frequency stabilization of microwave oscillators. , 1946, The Review of scientific instruments.

[39]  R. W. Laton,et al.  Analysis and Design of a Single-Resonator GaAs FET Oscillator with Noise Degeneration , 1984 .