Working Memory Deficits can be Overcome: Impacts of Training and Medication on Working Memory in Children with ADHD

This study evaluated the impact of two interventions—a training program and stimulant medication—on working memory (WM) function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Twenty-five children aged between 8 and 11 years participated in training that taxed WM skills to the limit for a minimum of 20 days, and completed other assessments of WM and IQ before and after training, and with and without prescribed drug treatment. While medication significantly improved visuo-spatial memory performance, training led to substantial gains in all components of WM across untrained tasks. Training gains associated with the central executive persisted over a 6-month period. IQ scores were unaffected by either intervention. These findings indicate that the WM impairments in children with ADHD can be differentially ameliorated by training and by stimulant medication.

[1]  L. Foster,et al.  ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control. , 2000 .

[2]  R. Tannock,et al.  Working Memory Impairments in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder With and Without Comorbid Language Learning Disorders , 2006, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[3]  F. Castellanos,et al.  Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction , 2006, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[4]  A. Baddeley The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? , 2000, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[5]  J. Nigg,et al.  Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder? , 2001, Psychological bulletin.

[6]  Hong Xian,et al.  Genetics of verbal working memory processes: a twin study of middle-aged men. , 2007, Neuropsychology.

[7]  Torkel Klingberg,et al.  Training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children. , 2009, Developmental science.

[8]  M. D’Esposito Working memory. , 2008, Handbook of clinical neurology.

[9]  P. Silvia,et al.  For Whom the Mind Wanders, and When , 2007, Psychological science.

[10]  R. Tannock,et al.  Effects of methylphenidate on working memory components: influence of measurement. , 2007, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[11]  Tracy Packiam Alloway,et al.  Verbal and visuospatial short-term and working memory in children: are they separable? , 2006, Child development.

[12]  P. Maruff,et al.  Abnormal executive function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the effect of stimulant medication and age on spatial working memory , 2001, Psychological Medicine.

[13]  S. Gathercole,et al.  Working Memory and Learning: A Practical Guide for Teachers , 2008 .

[14]  S. Gathercole,et al.  Are working memory measures free of socioeconomic influence? , 2008, Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR.

[15]  B. Pennington,et al.  Neuropsychological Analyses of Comorbidity Between Reading Disability and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: In Search of the Common Deficit , 2005, Developmental neuropsychology.

[16]  T. Klingberg,et al.  Computerized working memory training after stroke–A pilot study , 2007, Brain injury.

[17]  H. Forssberg,et al.  Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD--a randomized, controlled trial. , 2005, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[18]  C. Curtis,et al.  Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory , 2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[19]  T. Klingberg,et al.  Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory , 2004, Nature Neuroscience.

[20]  T. Klingberg,et al.  Changes in cortical activity after training of working memory — a single-subject analysis , 2007, Physiology & Behavior.

[21]  Mitul A Mehta,et al.  Methylphenidate improves working memory and set-shifting in AD/HD: relationships to baseline memory capacity. , 2004, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[22]  Joni Holmes,et al.  Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children. , 2009, Developmental science.

[23]  S. Hogg-Johnson,et al.  A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2005, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[24]  Susan E. Gathercole,et al.  Working memory abilities and children's performance in laboratory analogues of classroom activities , 2008 .

[25]  H. Forssberg,et al.  Changes in Cortical Dopamine D1 Receptor Binding Associated with Cognitive Training , 2009, NeuroImage.