Evaluating isovelocity surface area flow convergence method with finite element modeling.

[1]  C. Hamm,et al.  Noninvasive estimation of regurgitant flow rate and volume in patients with mitral regurgitation by Doppler color mapping of accelerating flow field. , 1993, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[2]  J. Westerink,et al.  A frequency–time domain finite element model for tidal circulation based on the least‐squares harmonic analysis method , 1988 .

[3]  J. Westerink,et al.  Tides in the English Channel and Southern North Sea. A frequency domain analysis using model TEA-NL , 1989 .

[4]  R A Levine,et al.  Automated flow rate calculations based on digital analysis of flow convergence proximal to regurgitant orifices. , 1993, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[5]  D. Sahn,et al.  Quantification of mitral flow by Doppler color flow mapping. , 1996, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[6]  Young Ho Kim,et al.  Cardiac motion can alter proximal isovelocity surface area calculations of regurgitant flow. , 1993, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[7]  B. Friemel,et al.  Real-time system for angle-independent US of blood flow in two dimensions: initial results. , 1993, Radiology.

[8]  M Karlsson,et al.  The shape of the proximal isovelocity surface area varies with regurgitant orifice size and distance from orifice: computer simulation and model experiments with color M-mode technique. , 1993, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[9]  M. Enriquez-Sarano,et al.  Effective mitral regurgitant orifice area: clinical use and pitfalls of the proximal isovelocity surface area method. , 1995, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[10]  M. Enriquez-Sarano,et al.  Changes in effective regurgitant orifice throughout systole in patients with mitral valve prolapse. A clinical study using the proximal isovelocity surface area method. , 1995, Circulation.

[11]  A. Weyman,et al.  Impact of finite orifice size on proximal flow convergence. Implications for Doppler quantification of valvular regurgitation. , 1992, Circulation research.

[12]  D. Fei,et al.  Angle independent Doppler color imaging: determination of accuracy and a method of display. , 1994, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[13]  J. Gardin,et al.  Subclinical disease as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. , 1995, Circulation.

[14]  A. Weyman,et al.  Validation of the proximal flow convergence method. Calculation of orifice area in patients with mitral stenosis. , 1993, Circulation.

[15]  D. Sahn,et al.  Dynamic change in mitral regurgitant orifice area: comparison of color Doppler echocardiographic and electromagnetic flowmeter-based methods in a chronic animal model. , 1995, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[16]  A. Smith,et al.  Quantification of mitral regurgitant volume by the color Doppler proximal isovelocity surface area method: a clinical study. , 1995, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[17]  P. Walker,et al.  A new control volume method for calculating valvular regurgitation. , 1995, Circulation.

[18]  R A Levine,et al.  Dynamics of Mitral Regurgitant Flow and Orifice Area: Physiologic Application of the Proximal Flow Convergence Method: Clinical Data and Experimental Testing , 1994, Circulation.

[19]  V Hombach,et al.  New method for accurate calculation of regurgitant flow rate based on analysis of Doppler color flow maps of the proximal flow field. Validation in a canine model of mitral regurgitation with initial application in patients. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[20]  P. Vandervoort,et al.  Quantification of mitral regurgitation with the proximal flow convergence method: a clinical study. , 1992, American heart journal.

[21]  D Patel,et al.  Doppler color flow "proximal isovelocity surface area" method for estimating volume flow rate: effects of orifice shape and machine factors. , 1991, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[22]  A P Yoganathan,et al.  A computational study of a thin-walled three-dimensional left ventricle during early systole. , 1994, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[23]  M. Stauch,et al.  Color Doppler Determination of Regurgitant Flow: From Proximal Isovelocity Surface Areas to Proximal Velocity Profiles: An In Vitro Study , 1992, Echocardiography.

[24]  D. Liepmann,et al.  Experimental Studies to Define the Geometry of the Flow Convergence Region: Laser Doppler Particle Tracking and Color Doppler Imaging , 1992, Echocardiography.

[25]  D. Sahn,et al.  Determination of the Most Appropriate Velocity Threshold for Applying Hemispheric Flow Convergence Equations to Calculate Flow Rate: Selected According to the Transorifice Pressure Gradient Digital Computer Analysis of the Doppler Color Flow Convergence Region , 1993, Circulation.

[26]  D. Sahn,et al.  Nature of flow acceleration into a finite-sized orifice: steady and pulsatile flow studies on the flow convergence region using simultaneous ultrasound Doppler flow mapping and laser Doppler velocimetry. , 1995, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[27]  A P Yoganathan,et al.  A new method for quantification of regurgitant flow rate using color Doppler flow imaging of the flow convergence region proximal to a discrete orifice. An in vitro study. , 1991, Circulation.

[28]  D J Sahn,et al.  Three-dimensional reconstruction of color Doppler flow convergence regions and regurgitant jets: an in vitro quantitative study. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[29]  R. Levine,et al.  Quantification of Cardiac Jets: , 1994, Echocardiography.

[30]  S. Wieshammer,et al.  Quantification of mitral regurgitation—Comparison of the proximal flow convergence method and the jet area method , 1995, Clinical cardiology.

[31]  D. Sahn,et al.  Limitations of flow convergence methods when applied to finite sized regurgitant ortifices (simple and prolapsed): Finite element modeling studies , 1996 .

[32]  John W. Cable,et al.  1020-5 A Flow Convergence Method to Quantitate Regurgitant Flow with a Flail Mitral Valve Leaflet: Finite Element Modeling and Experimental Studies , 1995 .

[33]  A. D. Young,et al.  An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics , 1968 .

[34]  M Jones,et al.  Accuracy of flow convergence estimates of mitral regurgitant flow rates obtained by use of multiple color flow Doppler M-mode aliasing boundaries: an experimental animal study. , 1993, American heart journal.

[35]  Y. B. Deng,et al.  Estimation of regurgitant flow volume based on centerline velocity/distance profiles using digital color M-Q Doppler: application to orifices of different shapes. , 1994, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[36]  P. Vandervoort,et al.  Impact of wall constraint on velocity distribution in proximal flow convergence zone. Implications for color Doppler quantification of mitral regurgitation. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.