Bio-refinery approach for spent coffee grounds valorization.

Although normally seen as a problem, current policies and strategic plans concur that if adequately managed, waste can be a source of the most interesting and valuable products, among which metals, oils and fats, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, tannins, antioxidants, caffeine, polyphenols, pigments, flavonoids, through recycling, compound recovery or energy valorization, following the waste hierarchy. Besides contributing to more sustainable and circular economies, those products also have high commercial value when compared to the ones obtained by currently used waste treatment methods. In this paper, it is shown how the bio-refinery framework can be used to obtain high value products from organic waste. With spent coffee grounds as a case study, a sequential process is used to obtain first the most valuable, and then other products, allowing proper valorization of residues and increased sustainability of the whole process. Challenges facing full development and implementation of waste based bio-refineries are highlighted.

[1]  L. Tarelho,et al.  Effect of industrial and domestic ash from biomass combustion, and spent coffee grounds, on soil fertility and plant growth: experiments at field conditions , 2017, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[2]  N. Kawasaki,et al.  Decolorization of Indigo Carmine by Charcoal from Extracted Residue of Coffee Beans , 2003, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[3]  A. Arulrajah,et al.  Strength and microstructure properties of spent coffee grounds stabilized with rice husk ash and slag geopolymers , 2017 .

[4]  A. Fiore,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted extraction to improve the recovery of phenols and antioxidants from spent espresso coffee ground: a study by response surface methodology and desirability approach , 2017, European Food Research and Technology.

[5]  M. Goto,et al.  Bioactivities of low-grade green coffee and spent coffee in different in vitro model systems , 2009 .

[6]  K. Kida,et al.  Treatment of coffee waste by slurry-state anaerobic digestion , 1992 .

[7]  T. Mata,et al.  Bioethanol from Brewers' Spent Grain: Pentose Fermentation , 2015 .

[8]  Jhuma Sadhukhan,et al.  Process systems engineering tools for biomass polygeneration systems with carbon capture and Reuse , 2015 .

[9]  R. Evangelista,et al.  Complete Utilization of Spent Coffee Grounds To Produce Biodiesel, Bio-Oil, and Biochar , 2013 .

[10]  Stanislav Obruca,et al.  Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates using hydrolysate of spent coffee grounds , 2014 .

[11]  I. Márová,et al.  Bioconversion of spent coffee grounds into carotenoids and other valuable metabolites by selected red yeast strains , 2014 .

[12]  M. Kaltschmitt,et al.  Oil extracted from spent coffee grounds as a renewable source for fatty acid methyl ester manufacturing , 2012 .

[13]  Teresa M. Mata,et al.  Potential of Spent Coffee Grounds for Biodiesel Production and Other Applications , 2013 .

[14]  D. Kucera,et al.  Biotechnological Conversion of Spent Coffee Grounds into Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Carotenoids , 2015 .

[15]  M. M. Naidu,et al.  Production and Application of Xylanase from Penicillium sp. Utilizing Coffee By-products , 2012, Food and Bioprocess Technology.

[16]  Leandro S. Oliveira,et al.  Kinetics and equilibrium studies of methylene blue adsorption by spent coffee grounds. , 2009 .

[17]  Teresa M. Mata,et al.  Prospects of using microalgae for biofuels production: Results of a Delphi study , 2015 .

[18]  Antonio Zuorro,et al.  Spent coffee grounds as a valuable source of phenolic compounds and bioenergy , 2012 .

[19]  D. L. Hawkes,et al.  The mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of coffee waste containing coffee grounds , 1996 .

[20]  Rachel Burton,et al.  Evaluation of Two-Step Reaction and Enzyme Catalysis Approaches for Biodiesel Production from Spent Coffee Grounds , 2010 .

[21]  J. Logomarsino,et al.  Impact of coffee components on inflammatory markers: A review , 2012 .

[22]  K. Liu,et al.  Evaluation of three composting systems for the management of spent coffee grounds. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[23]  Solange I. Mussatto,et al.  Production, Composition, and Application of Coffee and Its Industrial Residues , 2011 .

[24]  Teresa M. Mata,et al.  Sustainability and economic evaluation of microalgae grown in brewery wastewater. , 2014, Bioresource technology.

[25]  Solange I. Mussatto,et al.  A study on chemical constituents and sugars extraction from spent coffee grounds , 2011 .

[26]  M. Coimbra,et al.  Sequential microwave superheated water extraction of mannans from spent coffee grounds. , 2014, Carbohydrate polymers.

[27]  Teresa M. Mata,et al.  New Trends in Energy Production and Utilization , 2017 .

[28]  Mohan,et al.  Biotechnological potential of coffee pulp and coffee husk for bioprocesses. , 2000, Biochemical engineering journal.

[29]  B. Um,et al.  Antioxidative polyphenolics obtained from spent coffee grounds by pressurized liquid extraction , 2017 .

[30]  A. Namane,et al.  Determination of the adsorption capacity of activated carbon made from coffee grounds by chemical activation with ZnCl2 and H3PO4. , 2005, Journal of hazardous materials.

[31]  Alberto Pivato,et al.  The broad spectrum of possibilities for spent coffee grounds valorisation , 2018 .

[32]  Jeongseok Park,et al.  In-situ transesterification of wet spent coffee grounds for sustainable biodiesel production. , 2016, Bioresource technology.

[33]  Teresa M. Mata,et al.  Sustainability analysis of biofuels through the supply chain using indicators , 2013 .

[34]  C. R. Soccol,et al.  Solid state cultivation — an efficient method to use toxic agro‐industrial residues , 2000, Journal of basic microbiology.

[35]  W. P. Barber,et al.  In vivo evaluation of spent coffee grounds as a ruminant feed , 1986 .

[36]  Ed de Jong,et al.  Biorefinery Concepts in Comparison to Petrochemical Refineries , 2015 .

[37]  Silvia A. Nebra,et al.  THE USE OF BIOMASS RESIDUES IN THE BRAZILIAN SOLUBLE COFFEE INDUSTRY , 1998 .

[38]  Jhuma Sadhukhan,et al.  Biorefineries and Chemical Processes: Design, Integration and Sustainability Analysis , 2014 .

[39]  C. Soccol,et al.  Use of various coffee industry residues for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus in solid state fermentation , 2000 .

[40]  I. Safarik,et al.  Magnetically modified spent coffee grounds for dyes removal , 2012, European Food Research and Technology.

[41]  M. M. Naidu,et al.  Production of α-amylase under solid-state fermentation utilizing coffee waste. , 2009 .

[42]  Y. Jeon,et al.  Sequential co-production of biodiesel and bioethanol with spent coffee grounds. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[43]  Mano Misra,et al.  Spent coffee grounds as a versatile source of green energy. , 2008, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[44]  U. Marchaim,et al.  Solid Waste from the Instant Coffee Industry as a Substrate for Anaerobic Thermophilic Digestion , 1993 .

[45]  N. Kawasaki,et al.  Adsorption of dyes onto carbonaceous materials produced from coffee grounds by microwave treatment. , 2002, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[46]  Synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters via direct transesterification with methanol/carbon dioxide mixtures from spent coffee grounds feedstock , 2011 .

[47]  Helena Ribeiro,et al.  From coffee industry waste materials to skin-friendly products with improved skin fat levels , 2013 .

[48]  R. Lavecchia,et al.  Recovery of natural antioxidants from spent coffee grounds. , 2013, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[49]  Rui F. Silva,et al.  Bio-based polyurethane foams toward applications beyond thermal insulation , 2015 .

[50]  V. Makarevičienė,et al.  Kinetics of free fatty acids esterification with methanol in the production of biodiesel fuel , 2004 .

[51]  Carlos Ricardo Soccol,et al.  Production of Flammulina velutipes on coffee husk and coffee spent-ground , 2001 .

[52]  M. M. Naidu,et al.  Sustainable management of coffee industry by-products and value addition—A review , 2012 .

[53]  Ghassan R. Chehab,et al.  Assessment of the Physico-Chemical Properties of Waste Cooking Oil and Spent Coffee Grounds Oil for Potential Use as Asphalt Binder Rejuvenators , 2017, Waste and Biomass Valorization.

[54]  C. Cid,et al.  Influence of extraction process on antioxidant capacity of spent coffee , 2013 .

[55]  Solange I. Mussatto,et al.  Growth of fungal strains on coffee industry residues with removal of polyphenolic compounds , 2012 .

[56]  Nídia S. Caetano,et al.  Valorization of Coffee Grounds for Biodiesel Production , 2012 .

[57]  C. Chuck,et al.  Effect of the Type of Bean, Processing, and Geographical Location on the Biodiesel Produced from Waste Coffee Grounds , 2014 .

[58]  Teresa M. Mata,et al.  Properties and sustainability of biodiesel from animal fats and fish oil , 2014 .

[59]  A. Jaiswal,et al.  An Investigation into Spent Coffee Waste as a Renewable Source of Bioactive Compounds and Industrially Important Sugars , 2016, Bioengineering.

[60]  A. Martins,et al.  Valorisation of Spent Coffee Grounds: Production of Biodiesel via Enzymatic Catalysis with Ethanol and a Co-solvent , 2017 .

[61]  Leandro S. Oliveira,et al.  Coffee oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[62]  Paula Baptista,et al.  Espresso coffee residues: a valuable source of unextracted compounds. , 2012, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[63]  S. Mussatto,et al.  Extraction of antioxidant phenolic compounds from spent coffee grounds , 2011 .

[64]  K. Corscadden,et al.  Co-liquefaction of spent coffee grounds and lignocellulosic feedstocks. , 2017, Bioresource technology.

[65]  S. Mussatto,et al.  Sugars metabolism and ethanol production by different yeast strains from coffee industry wastes hydrolysates , 2012 .

[66]  Teresa M. Mata,et al.  Biodiesel Production from Corn Oil via Enzymatic Catalysis with Ethanol , 2012 .

[67]  Teresa M. Mata,et al.  Microalgae processing for biodiesel production , 2012 .

[68]  S. Mussatto,et al.  Production, chemical characterization, and sensory profile of a novel spirit elaborated from spent coffee ground , 2013 .

[69]  Qingshi Tu,et al.  Direct transesterification of spent coffee grounds for biodiesel production , 2017 .

[70]  Teresa M. Mata,et al.  Spent coffee grounds for biodiesel production and other applications , 2014, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy.