Cause, Classification of Voltage Sag, and Voltage Sag Emulators and Applications: A Comprehensive Overview

The large-scale application of wind power and photovoltaic power solves the energy crisis and alleviates the environmental problems caused by the use of conventional energy. However, they are at risk of being randomly tripped from the network when faced to voltage sag and severe fault events, which will lead to a sudden reduction of active power output and also complicates fault recovery process of the whole system. Moreover, it may also aggravate failures and lead to large-scale power outages, which stimulates a growing interest in analyzing the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capabilities of the renewable energy systems (RES) and improving the performance through developing various mathematical models and analysis tools. In this paper, a systematical overview of cause, classification of voltage sag phenomena and voltage sag emulating techniques is presented, and four voltage sag generators (VSGs) are discussed and compared, which include generator based-VSG, shunt impedance based-VSG, transformer based-VSG and full converter based-VSG. Furthermore, a closed-loop detection platform based on real-time digital simulator (RTDS) for the converter controller of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PWSG) set is introduced, to investigate the LVRT performance of the WT system under grid voltage sag conditions. Finally, the application of VSG in RES are presented and the future research directions are also discussed.

[1]  D. S. Dorr,et al.  Understanding and resolving voltage sag related problems for sensitive industrial customers , 2000, 2000 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37077).

[2]  Chun,et al.  Comparison of China＇s Wind Power Integration Standard with Similar Foreign Standards , 2011 .

[3]  Li Dongyu,et al.  A new voltage sag generator base on power electronic devices , 2010, The 2nd International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems.

[4]  Yang Zhou,et al.  A review on Microgrid architectures and control methods , 2016, 2016 IEEE 8th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC-ECCE Asia).

[5]  Feng Li,et al.  Static transfer switch (STS) model in EMTPWorks RV , 2004, Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering 2004 (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37513).

[6]  Qing-Chang Zhong,et al.  Virtual Synchronous Machines: A unified interface for grid integration , 2016, IEEE Power Electronics Magazine.

[7]  Y. H. Chung,et al.  Voltage sag and swell generator for the evaluation of custom power devices , 2003, 2003 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37491).

[8]  Yan Ma.  A Single-Phase Voltage Sag Generator for Testing Electrical Equipments , 2016 .

[9]  Suttichai Premrudeepreechacharn,et al.  Implementation of real time three phase balanced voltage sag generator 1 kVA: Using microcontroller and PC control , 2009, 2009 ICCAS-SICE.

[10]  E. R. Collins,et al.  The impact of power system disturbances on AC-coil contactors , 1997, 1997 IEEE Annual Textile, Fiber and Film Industry Technical Conference.

[11]  Honghua Xu,et al.  Comparison of Voltage Sag Generators for Wind Power System , 2009, 2009 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.

[12]  Ding Mingchang,et al.  A novel voltage sag generator for low voltage ride-through testing of grid-connected PV system , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Automation Engineering (CSAE).

[13]  V.E. Wagner,et al.  Power quality and factory automation , 1988, Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting.

[14]  N.K. Medora,et al.  Impact of line voltage sag on switch mode power supply operation , 2008, 2008 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications.

[15]  Elisa Espinosa-Juarez,et al.  Voltage sag state estimation in power systems by applying genetic algorithms , 2011 .

[16]  Hemanshu R. Pota,et al.  Comparative study of the response of wind turbine generators to voltage sags and swells , 2016, 2016 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC).

[17]  J. Morren,et al.  Ridethrough of wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generator during a voltage dip , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[18]  F. Blaabjerg,et al.  Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[19]  K. Cagatay Bayindir,et al.  A novel low cost sag/swell generator , 2015, 2015 IEEE 6th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG).

[20]  Roberto Cárdenas,et al.  Analysis and Experimental Validation of Control Systems for Four-Leg Matrix Converter Applications , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[21]  M. M. Morcos,et al.  Voltage Sag and Recovery Time in Repetitive Events , 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[22]  Y. Kumsuwan,et al.  Balanced and unbalanced three-phase voltage sag generator for testing electrical equipment , 2014, 2014 11th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON).

[23]  Johnny Posada,et al.  Three-phase voltage transients emulator , 2011, 2011 6th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications.

[24]  Miguel Castilla,et al.  Control of Power Converters in AC Microgrids , 2018, Microgrids Design and Implementation.

[25]  S. Premrudeepreechacharn,et al.  An implementation algorithm of a carrier-based PWM technique for three-phase four-leg voltage sag generator with microcontroller , 2013, 2013 IEEE 10th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS).

[26]  S. Premrudeepreechacharn,et al.  The 3-phase 4-wire voltage sag generator based on three dimensions space vector modulation in abc coordinates , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.

[27]  S. M. Islam,et al.  Impacts of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Voltage Sags on DFIG-Based Wind Turbines Considering Phase-Angle Jump, Voltage Recovery, and Sag Parameters , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[28]  C. Saniter,et al.  Test Bench for Grid Code Simulations for Multi-MW Wind Turbines, Design and Control , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[29]  Humberto Pinheiro,et al.  Design of a voltage sag generator based on impedance switching , 2011, IECON 2011 - 37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[30]  Suttichai Premrudeepreechacharn,et al.  Voltage sag signal generator program for testing electrical equipment , 2014, 2014 International Electrical Engineering Congress (iEECON).

[31]  Yanbo Che,et al.  A Highly Integrated and Reconfigurable Microgrid Testbed with Hybrid Distributed Energy Sources , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[32]  Fang Liu,et al.  A control method of the low voltage ride through in the doubly-fed induction generator wind turbine , 2013, Proceedings of the 32nd Chinese Control Conference.

[33]  Shaojun Xie,et al.  A three-dimensional space vector modulation algorithm in a-b-c coordinate implemented by a FPGA , 2005, 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2005. IECON 2005..

[34]  Marcelo A. Perez,et al.  Vector Control of Front-End Converters for , 2006 .

[35]  Wu Hong,et al.  Development of generator for voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity test , 2002, 2002 3rd International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[36]  E. R. Collins,et al.  A three-phase sag generator for testing industrial equipment , 1996 .

[37]  R. Lohde,et al.  Transformer based voltage sag generator to perform LVRT and HVRT tests in the laboratory , 2010, Proceedings of 14th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPE-PEMC 2010.

[38]  Hassan Nouri,et al.  An overview of voltage sag theory, effects and equipment compatibility , 2004, 39th International Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2004. UPEC 2004..

[39]  F. Blaabjerg,et al.  Rotor Voltage Dynamics in the Doubly Fed Induction Generator During Grid Faults , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[40]  A. Nasiri,et al.  A Dynamic LVRT Solution for Doubly Fed Induction Generators , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[41]  S. Premrudeepreechacharn,et al.  Implementation of a 1-kVA programmable balanced three-phase voltage sag generator , 2009, 2009 6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology.

[42]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Harmonic Stability in Power Electronic-Based Power Systems: Concept, Modeling, and Analysis , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[43]  Math Bollen.  Characterisation of voltage sags experienced by three-phase adjustable-speed drives , 1997 .

[44]  Friedrich W. Fuchs,et al.  Laboratory type PWM grid emulator for generating disturbed voltages for testing grid connected devices , 2009, 2009 13th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications.

[45]  Dong-Choon Lee,et al.  AC voltage and current sensorless control of three-phase PWM rectifiers , 2000, 2000 IEEE 31st Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37018).

[46]  Wu Rui,et al.  Research of the Four-Leg Voltage Source Inverters Based on Space Vector Modulation in abc Coordinates , 2005, 2005 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems.

[47]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Control and testing of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) at medium voltage level , 2004 .

[48]  Ying Li,et al.  A new control strategy of dc microgrid with photovoltaic generation and hybrid energy storage , 2016, 2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC).

[49]  Dong-Choon Lee,et al.  Ride-through strategy for DFIG wind turbine systems using dynamic voltage restorers , 2009, 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[50]  J.V. Milanovic,et al.  Computer simulation of voltage sag generator , 2002, 10th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power. Proceedings (Cat. No.02EX630).

[51]  P.W. Wheeler,et al.  An Integrated 30kW Matrix Converter based Induction Motor Drive , 2005, 2005 IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[52]  Pat Wheeler,et al.  Resonant controllers for 4-leg matrix converters , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.

[53]  M. Yamada,et al.  A new voltage sag compensator with a gradationally controlled voltage inverter , 2005, 2005 European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications.

[54]  R. Cardenas,et al.  Matrix converter based Voltage Sag Generator to test LVRT capability in renewable energy systems , 2013, 2013 Eighth International Conference and Exhibition on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER).

[55]  Honghua Xu,et al.  Experimental Research on LVRT Capability of DFIG WECS during Grid Voltage Sags , 2010, 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.

[56]  P. Pillay,et al.  A New Method of Voltage Sag and Swell Detection , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[57]  Ahmet M. Hava,et al.  A simple sag generator using SSRs , 2010, 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[58]  M. García-Gracia,et al.  Voltage dip generator for wind energy systems up to 5 MW , 2009 .

[59]  R.W. De Doncker,et al.  Control of a medium-voltage test generator , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[60]  Xu Lie,et al.  Analysis of common mode voltage for a four-leg matrix converter , 2017, 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific).