Real-time Ca ion wave imaging in living rat cardiac muscle cells by a confocal multiphoton microscope with a microlens-pinhole array scanner

A real-time confocal multiphoton fluorescence microscope was developed to observe Ca2+ dynamics in living rat- cardiac muscle cells. The real-time imaging was achieved by multifocus excitation of a specimen with a rotating microlens-array disk. A pinhole-array disk for confocal detection was introduced in the microscope to improve the spatial resolution and the contrast of fluorescence images. Ca2+ wave and Ca2+ transient in cultured rat- cardiac cells were successfully observed with the developed microscope.