Mechanisms involved in visual orientation constancy.

Visual orientation judgments made during body tilt (Eand A-effects), during centrifugation (oculogravic effect), and following prolonged tilt (aftereffect) are interpreted in terms of visual orientation constancy. Data from two classes of experiments, those using labyrinthine-defective subjects and those involving different combinations of posture, indicate that three systems are involved in orientation constancy. These are the vestibular otolith system and the proprioceptive systems of the neck and trunk. Although the three systems are involved in the E-, A-, and oculogravic effects, adaptation of only the neck and trunk systems generates the aftereffect.

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