The cultural politics of English as an international language

Acknowledgements 1. The World in English Introduction: from Hurt Waldheim to Johnny Clegg The natural, neutral and beneficial spread of English The social, cultural and political contexts of English The worldliness of English Conclusion 2. Discourse and Dependency in a Shifting World Introduction: rethinking internationalism Development, aid and modernization Dependency and imperialism Culture, discourse, difference and disjuncture Criket, English and cultural politics 3. English and Colonialism: Origins of a Discourse Introduction: the complexities of colonialism Anglicism and Orientalism: two sides of the colonial coin English for the few: colonial education policies in Malaya Anglicism and English studies Conclusion 4. Spreading the Word/Disciplining the Language Introduction: anti-nomadic disciplines The disciplining of linguistics The disciplining of applied linguistics The spreading and disciplining of discourse of EIL 5. ELT From Development Aid to Global Commodity From cultural propaganda to global business: The British Council 'The West is better...': discourses of ELT English Language Teaching practices as cultural practices Conclusion: the compass of discourse 6. The Worldliness of English in Malaysia Contexts Cultural politics after independence Malay nationalism and English English, class and ethnicity English adn Islam English and the media The debates continue 7. The Worldliness of English in Singapore English as a useful language The making of Singapore Singapore English Pragmatism, multiracialism and meritocratism Pragmatic, multiracial and meritocratic English Conclusion 8. Writing Back: The Appropriation of English Postcolonial English Re-presenting postcolonial worlds Worldy texts in a worldly language Decentered voices: writing in Malaysia Centered voices: writing in Singapore From aestheticism to yuppyism: the new writing in Singapore From writing back to teaching back 9. Towards a Critical Pedagogy for Teaching English as a Worldly Language Critical pedagogies Discourse, language and subjectivity Insurgent knowledges, the classroom and the world References Index

[1]  Roy Harris,et al.  The Language Myth , 1981 .

[2]  Teodoro A. Llamzon.  The Other Tongue: English across Cultures , 1984 .

[3]  A. Mazrui.  The Satanic Verses or a Satanic Novel? Moral Dilemmas of the Rushdie Affair , 1990 .

[4]  World Politics and Western Reason: Universalism, Pluralism, Hegemony* , 1981 .

[5]  V. Savage.  Western Impressions of Nature and Landscape in Southeast Asia , 1984 .

[6]  N. W. Thiong’o.  Moving the Centre: The Struggle for Cultural Freedoms , 1993 .

[7]  Johan Galtung,et al.  A Structural Theory of Imperialism , 1971 .

[8]  J. Gibbons.  Applied Linguistics in Court , 1990 .

[9]  Anna Kwan-Terry,et al.  The Economics of Language in Singapore: Students' Use of Extracurricular Language Lessons. , 1991 .

[10]  J. Derrida.  From Of Grammatology , 1992 .

[11]  Claire J. Kramsch,et al.  Context and Culture in Language Teaching , 1993 .

[12]  P. Baran.  The political economy of growth, New York (Monthly Review Press) 1957. , 1957 .

[13]  D. Polan,et al.  The World, the Text, and the Critic , 2019 .

[14]  J. Foley,et al.  New Englishes : the case of Singapore , 1990 .

[15]  Rodnay Zaks.  A language machine , 1971, APLQ.

[16]  姚小平,et al.  语言学简史 : [英文版] = A Short History of Linguistics , 1969 .

[17]  Alastair Pennycook,et al.  Critical pedagogy and second language education , 1990 .

[18]  V. Voloshinov.  Marxism and the philosophy of language , 1973 .

[19]  R. G. Kent,et al.  Language: Its Nature, Development, and Origin , 1923 .

[20]  Robert L. Cooper,et al.  The Spread of English: The Sociology of English As an Additional Language , 1979 .

[21]  Renzo Titone,et al.  Teaching foreign languages : an historical sketch , 1968 .

[22]  Michael G. Kenny,et al.  The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth- Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art , 1991 .

[23]  L. Prodromou.  English as Cultural Action. , 1988 .

[24]  Abdul R. JanMohamed.  The Economy of Manichean Allegory: The Function of Racial Difference in Colonialist Literature , 1985, Critical Inquiry.

[25]  M. Foucault,et al.  The archeology of knowledge , 1995 .

[26]  Jim Cummins,et al.  Empowering minority students , 1989 .

[27]  C. Lim.  English in Singapore : a study of its status and solidarity and the attitudes to its use , 1986 .

[28]  Michel Pêcheux,et al.  Language, semantics and ideology : stating the obvious , 1982 .

[29]  W. Crewe.  The English language in Singapore , 1977 .

[30]  Eddie C. Y. Kuo.  Language and Social Mobility in Singapore , 1985 .

[31]  J. Clammer.  Singapore, ideology, society, culture , 1986, The Journal of Asian Studies.

[32]  T. Crowley.  The politics of discourse , 1989 .

[33]  T. George.  Lee Kuan Yew's Singapore , 1973 .

[34]  D. Hymes.  Report from an Underdeveloped Country: Toward Linguistic Competence in the United States , 1983 .

[35]  R. Day.  The Ultimate Inequality: Linguistic Genocide , 1985 .

[36]  Homi K. Bhabha.  The Other Question , 1983 .

[37]  A. Krueger,et al.  The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. , 1960 .

[38]  Gloria Paulik Sampson,et al.  Exporting Language Teaching Methods from Canada to China , 1984 .

[39]  Homi K. Bhabha.  Introduction: Narrating the nation , 2013 .

[40]  E. Auerbach.  Alien Winds: The Reeducation of America's Indochinese Refugees , 1989 .

[41]  Leo Loveday,et al.  The Sociolinguistics of Learning and Using a Non-Native Language , 1983 .

[42]  W. Daud.  The Concept of Knowledge in Islam and Its Implications for Education in a Developing Country , 1990 .

[43]  W. Marquardt.  English Around the World. , 1973 .

[44]  Henry A. Giroux.  Schooling and the struggle for public life: critical pedagogy in the modern age , 1988, Choice Reviews Online.

[45]  V. Selvaratnam.  Dependency, Change and Continuity in a Western University Model: The Malaysian1 Case , 1986 .

[46]  W. Meyer.  Transnational Media and Third World Development: The Structure and Impact of Imperialism , 1988 .

[47]  Hayden White.  After Philosophy: End or Transformation? , 1988 .

[48]  K. Thompson,et al.  Politics Among Nations , 1948 .

[49]  H. Dreyfus,et al.  Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. , 1985 .

[50]  N. Ndebele.  The English Language and Social Change in South Africa , 1987 .

[51]  Michael W. Apple,et al.  Teachers and Texts: A Political Economy of Class and Gender Relations in Education , 1988, History of Education Quarterly.

[52]  R. Kearney.  The wake of imagination , 1988 .

[53]  B. Harrison,et al.  The Development of British Malaya 1896-1909 , 1965 .

[54]  W. Soyinka.  Myth, Literature and the African World , 1976 .

[55]  R. D'amico.  Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison , 1978, Telos.

[56]  F. Drew.  Gift of the Gods , 1983 .

[57]  Byron W. Brown,et al.  Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life , 1977 .

[58]  E. D. H. join,et al.  Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know , 1987 .

[59]  Richard E. Wood,et al.  The Second Tongue: An Anthology of Poetry from Malaysia and Singapore , 1977 .

[60]  P. Iyer.  Video night in Kathmandu and other reports from the not-so-far-east / Pico Iyer , 1988 .

[61]  Tuku Mukherjee.  ESL: An Imported New Empire? , 1986 .

[62]  S. Suratman.  Malay Ideas on Development: From Feudal Lord to Capitalist. Shaharuddin Maaruf. Singapore: Times Book International. 1988. 177 pp , 1988 .

[63]  Lohanayahi Baskaran A P Mahesan.  The New Englishes , 1991 .

[64]  S. Dawson.  Keywords: a Vocabulary of Culture and Society , 1976 .

[65]  Neil Mercer,et al.  Common Knowledge: The Development of Understanding in the Classroom , 1987 .

[66]  John Greenwood.  Bangalore revisited: a reluctant complaint , 1985 .

[67]  B. Jernudd.  Planning language treatment: linguistics for the third world , 1981, Language in Society.

[68]  D. Laitin,et al.  Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience , 1977 .

[69]  A. Smith,et al.  The Geopolitics of Information: How Western Culture Dominates the World , 1981 .

[70]  Sharon D. Welch.  Communities of resistance and solidarity : a feminist theology of liberation , 1985 .

[71]  Asmah Haji Omar,et al.  Language planning for unity and efficiency : a study of the language status and corpus planning of Malaysia , 1979 .

[72]  J. Maher,et al.  The Development of English as an International Language of Medicine , 1986 .

[73]  T. Popkewitz,et al.  Paradigm and Ideology in Educational Research: The Social Functions of the Intellectual by Thomas S. Popkewitz (Book review) , 1985 .

[74]  James A. Berlin.  Rhetoric and Ideology in the Writing Class , 1988, College English.

[75]  C. Brumfit.  The Bangalore Procedural Syllabus , 1984 .

[76]  Margaret S. Archer.  Theory, Culture and Post-Industrial Society , 1990 .

[77]  M. Foucault,et al.  The Foucault Reader , 1984 .

[78]  Deborah Cameron,et al.  The Feminist Critique of Language: A Reader , 1990 .

[79]  H. Frey,et al.  25 Centuries of Language Teaching , 1971 .

[80]  Sumita S. Chakravarty.  The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self under Colonialism , 1985 .

[81]  Allan Luke,et al.  On the limits of language planning: Class, state and power , 1990 .

[82]  P. Shaw,et al.  The spread of English , 2019, World Englishes.

[83]  A. Appadurai.  Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy , 1990 .

[84]  G. Joseph,et al.  Eurocentrism in the social sciences , 1990 .

[85]  Chua Beng‐Huat.  Pragmatism of the People's Action Party Government in Singapore: A Critical Assessment , 1985 .

[86]  J. Batsleer.  Rewriting English: Cultural Politics of Gender and Class , 1986 .

[87]  R. Stevenson.  Communication, Development and the Third World: The Global Politics of Information , 1988 .

[88]  J. Derrida.  Writing and Difference , 1967 .

[89]  The Linguagenesis of Society: The Implementation of the National Language Plan in West Malaysia , 1983 .

[90]  M. Caldwell,et al.  Malaya : the making of a neo-colony , 1977 .

[91]  A M Walker,et al.  Common Language , 1996, Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety.

[92]  C. Eastman,et al.  Language spread and language policy : issues, implications, and case studies , 1989 .

[93]  C. Walsh.  Pedagogy and the Struggle for Voice , 1990 .

[94]  Mark Blaug,et al.  Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life , 1976 .

[95]  Peter Strevens,et al.  Teaching English as an international language : from practice to principle , 1980 .

[96]  J. Clive.  Macaulay: The Shaping of the Historian , 1975 .

[97]  Michael J. Shapiro.  A political approach to language purism , 1989 .

[98]  Jenny Cheshire,et al.  English around the world : sociolinguistic perspectives , 1991 .

[99]  Robbins Burling,et al.  Language in education : the problem in Commonwealth Africa and the Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent , 1969 .

[100]  R. Tongue,et al.  The English of Singapore and Malaysia , 1979 .

[101]  Henry A. Giroux,et al.  Postmodernism, Feminism, and Cultural Politics Redrawing Educational Boundaries , 1991 .

[102]  Ezekiel Mphahlele.  The Language of African Literature , 1964 .

[103]  Nelly Richard.  Postmodernism and periphery , 1987 .

[104]  E. Auerbach.  Competency-Based ESL: One Step Forward or Two Steps Back?. , 1986 .

[105]  E. Auerbach.  Reexamining English Only in the ESL Classroom , 1993 .

[106]  G. Steiner,et al.  George Steiner: A Reader , 1984 .

[107]  J. Flaitz.  The Ideology of English: French Perceptions of English as a World Language , 1988 .

[108]  Steven Barish,et al.  THE STORY OF ENGLISH , 1988 .

[109]  Olivia Smith.  The politics of language, 1791-1819 , 1984 .

[110]  David Crystal,et al.  The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language , 2012, Modern Language Review.

[111]  Patrick Brantlinger.  Crusoe's Footprints: Cultural Studies in Britain and America , 1990 .

[112]  H. Chai.  Planning education for a plural society , 1971 .

[113]  S. Lim.  Voices from the Hinterland: Plurality and identity in the national literatures in English from Malaysia and Singapore 1 , 1988 .

[114]  Edwin Thumboo,et al.  Ulysses by the Merlion , 1980 .

[115]  Frances Donaldson,et al.  The British Council: The first fifty years , 1984 .

[116]  P. Nayar.  From Krasher to Ashen: Ethnocentrism and Universality in TESOL. , 1989 .

[117]  David F. Marshall.  The question of an official language: language rights and the English Language Amendment , 1986 .

[118]  E. Ellsworth.  Why Doesn't This Feel Empowering? Working Through the Repressive Myths of Critical Pedagogy , 1989 .

[119]  W. Dissanayake.  Self, modernization and national identity: contextualizing English creative writings in Asia and the Pacific , 1990 .

[120]  M. Bakhtin,et al.  The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays , 1981 .

[121]  James Crawford,et al.  Bilingual Education: History, Politics, Theory, and Practice , 1995 .

[122]  P. Kratoska,et al.  Honourable intentions : talks on the British Empire in South-East Asia delivered at the Royal Colonial Institute, 1874-1928 , 1985, The Journal of Asian Studies.

[123]  P. Altbach.  The University as Center and Periphery , 1981, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education.

[124]  R. Arnove.  Philanthropy and cultural imperialism : the foundations at home and abroad , 1981 .

[125]  高橋 雄範.  English as an International Language , 1962, Nature.

[126]  C. Candlin.  Language, Culture and Curriculum. , 1992 .

[127]  E. Carr,et al.  The Twenty Years' Crisis 1919-1939 , 1995 .

[128]  W. Schramm,et al.  Mass media and national development , 1965 .

[129]  H. Chai.  The development of British Malaya, 1896-1909 , 1967 .

[130]  S. Stewart.  Shouts on the Street: Bakhtin's Anti-Linguistics , 1983, Critical Inquiry.

[131]  The Spread of English , 1979 .

[132]  R. Mead,et al.  Malaysia's National Language Policy and the Legal System. , 1990 .

[133]  Sophia Raffles,et al.  Memoir of the Life and Public Services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles: Particularly in the Government of Java, 1811-1816 and of Bencoolen and its Dependencies, 1817-1824 , 1830 .

[134]  A. Mazrui.  The African University as a Multinational Corporation: Problems of Penetration and Dependency , 1975 .

[135]  A. Escobar.  Discourse and Power in Development: Michel Foucault and the Relevance of His Work to the Third World* , 1984 .

[136]  P. Hyland.  Discharging the canon : cross-cultural readings in literature , 1986 .

[137]  P. Loh.  Seeds of separatism: Educational policy in Malaya, 1874-1940 , 1975 .

[138]  J. Galtung.  The true worlds: A transnational perspective , 1980 .

[139]  S. Lim.  Semiotics, experience and the material self: An inquiry into the subject of the contemporary Asian woman writer , 1990 .

[140]  C. Searle.  Race before wicket: cricket, Empire and the White Rose , 1990 .

[141]  H. Mutalib.  Islam and ethnicity in Malay politics , 1990 .

[142]  Karl J. Krahnke.  The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom , 1985 .

[143]  J. Tollefson.  Covert Policy in the United States Refugee Program in Southeast Asia , 1988 .

[144]  Vandra L. Masemann.  Critical Ethnography in the Study of Comparative Education , 1982, Comparative Education Review.

[145]  Henry A. Giroux,et al.  Popular Culture: Schooling and Everyday Life , 1989 .

[146]  P. Worsley.  The Three Worlds: Culture and World Development , 1984 .

[147]  R. Kothari.  On Humane Governance , 1987 .

[148]  Jill H. Bourne.  ‘Natural Acquisition’ and a ‘Masked Pedagogy’ , 1988 .

[149]  Peter McLaren.  Life in Schools: An Introduction to Critical Pedagogy in the Foundations of Education , 1989 .

[150]  C. Spector.  The Economic Structure , 1970 .

[151]  M. Dubois.  The Governance of the Third World: A Foucauldian Perspective on Power Relations in Development , 1991 .

[152]  Gillian R Brown,et al.  Cultural values: the interpretation of discourse , 1990 .

[153]  B. Peirce,et al.  Toward a Pedagogy of Possibility in the Teaching of English Internationally: People's English in South Africa , 1989 .

[154]  J. Simpson.  Education and Community Development. , 1970 .

[155]  L. Manderson,et al.  Social Engineering in Singapore: Educational Policies and Social Change, 1819-1972. , 1980, The Journal of Asian Studies.

[156]  E. Carr,et al.  The Twenty Years' Crisis. , 1941 .

[157]  Braj B. Kachru.  The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes , 1990 .

[158]  A. Pennycook.  Towards a Critical Applied Linguistics for the 1990s , 1990 .

[159]  M. Foucault,et al.  Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977 , 1980 .

[160]  Stanley Moore,et al.  The Political Economy of Growth , 1957 .

[161]  Lina M. Fruzzetti.  In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics , 1988 .

[162]  Theodore W. Schultz,et al.  The Economics of Being Poor , 1993 .

[163]  Jidlaph G. Kamoche,et al.  Decolonising the mind : the politics of language in African literature , 1987 .

[164]  From class to culture : social conscience in Malay novels since independence , 1988 .

[165]  T. Schultz.  Nobel Lecture: The Economics of Being Poor , 1980, Journal of Political Economy.

[166]  English around the world: Sociolinguistic variation and methodology: after as a Dublin variable , 1991 .

[167]  Thomas Riggins.  African Philosophy: Myth and Reality , 1984 .

[168]  I. A. Richards,et al.  Basic English and its uses , 1943 .

[169]  Bart Moore-Gilbert,et al.  Masks of conquest: Literary study and British rule in India , 1994 .

[170]  R. Underwood.  English and Chamorro on Guam. , 1989 .

[171]  John Platt,et al.  English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, features, functions , 1980 .

[172]  Albert H. Marckwardt.  TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE--A SURVEY OF THE PAST DECADE. , 1967 .

[173]  Tomas L. Graman.  Education for Humanization: Applying Paulo Freire's Pedagogy to Learning a Second Language , 1988 .

[174]  I. Buchanan.  Singapore in Southeast Asia: An economic and political appraisal , 1972 .

[175]  J. Habermas,et al.  Knowledge and Human Interests. , 1973 .

[176]  A. Pennycook.  The Concept of Method, Interested Knowledge, and the Politics of Language Teaching , 1989 .

[177]  Jacob L. Mey.  Whose Language?: A study in Linguistic Pragmatics , 1985 .

[178]  S. Lim.  Finding a Native Voice- Singapore Literature in English , 1989 .

[179]  J. Watson.  Cultural pluralism nation‐building and educational policies in peninsular Malaysia , 1980 .

[180]  K. Weiler,et al.  Freire and a Feminist Pedagogy of Difference , 1991 .

[181]  V. Mudimbe,et al.  The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge , 1989 .

[182]  F. C. P. Motta.  The theory of communicative action , 1991 .

[183]  C. B. Paulston.  Planning language, planning inequality: language policy in the community . W. Tollefson James. London: Longman, 1991. Pp. xi + 234. , 1992, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[184]  D. Murray.  The Great Walls of China. , 1982 .

[185]  Alan Beretta,et al.  Implementation of the Bangalore Project , 1990 .

[186]  Elliot L. Judd.  TESOL as a Political Act: A Moral Question. , 1983 .

[187]  Alan Beretta,et al.  Evaluation of the Bangalore Project , 1985 .

[188]  Patrick Brantlinger.  Victorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent , 1985, Critical Inquiry.

[189]  P. Atkinson,et al.  An Investigation of the Language Difficulties Experienced by Hong Kong Secondary School Students in English-Medium Schools: I. The Problems. , 1988 .

[190]  J. Rogers.  The world for sick proper , 1982 .

[191]  J.P.B. Allen,et al.  A history of English language teaching , 1987 .

[192]  S. Gopinathan,et al.  Varieties of English and Educational Linguistics: An Agenda for Research , 1985 .

[193]  Francisco Gomes de Matos.  Caring and sharing in the foreign language class , 1980 .

[194]  James Clifford,et al.  The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art , 1989 .

[195]  The new grammarians' funeral: A critique of Noam Chomsky's linguistics. , 1976 .

[196]  V. Rust.  Postmodernism and Its Comparative Education Implications , 1991, Comparative Education Review.

[197]  A. Pennycook.  A Reply to Kanpol , 1991 .

[198]  Harold Edward Palmer,et al.  The Scientific Study and Teaching of Languages , 1968 .

[199]  Anthea Fraser Gupta,et al.  Singapore Colloquial English and Standard English , 1989 .

[200]  M. Mohamad,et al.  The Malay Dilemma , 1971, The Journal of Asian Studies.

[201]  B. Tomlinson.  Using poetry with mixed ability language classes , 1986 .

[202]  Eddie C.Y. Kuo,et al.  Communication policy and planning in Singapore , 1983 .

[203]  E. Porter.  Foreign involvement in China's colleges and universities: A historical perspective , 1987 .

[204]  Edward W. Said,et al.  Figures, configurations, transfigurations , 1990, New Historical Literary Study.

[205]  M. Carnoy.  Education as cultural imperialism , 1974 .

[206]  G. W. Crane.  HERE AND NOW , 1978, CAL [magazine] Certified Akers Laboratories.

[207]  韓 素音.  And the rain my drink , 1956 .

[208]  T. Niranjana.  Siting Translation , 2023 .

[209]  T. Selvan.  Singapore : the ultimate island (Lee Kuan Yew's untold story) , 1990 .

[210]  Chinua Achebe.  English and the African Writer , 1965 .

[211]  A. Bloom,et al.  The closing of the American mind: how higher education has failed democracy and impoverished the souls of today's students , 1988 .

[212]  A. Howatt.  Language teaching traditions: 1884 revisited , 1984 .

[213]  Roger W. Andersen.  The power and the word : language, power and change , 1988 .

[214]  Henry A. Giroux.  Theory and Resistance in Education: A Pedagogy for the Opposition , 1983 .

[215]  William Miller.  Making Sense of Development , 1987 .

[216]  J. Fishman.  Whorfianism of the third kind: Ethnolinguistic diversity as a worldwide societal asset (The Whorfian Hypothesis: Varieties of validation, confirmation, and disconfirmation II) , 1982, Language in Society.

[217]  H. Osman-Rani.  Economic Development and Ethnic Integration: The Malaysian Experience , 1990 .

[218]  Immanuel Wallerstein,et al.  Culture as the Ideological Battleground of the Modern World-System , 1989 .

[219]  Barbara Scott Winkler,et al.  Theory and Resistance in Education: A Pedagogy for the Opposition , 1944 .

[220]  Ann Raimes,et al.  The TOEFL Test of Written English: Causes for Concern , 1990 .

[221]  D. Lerner.  The Passing of Traditional Society , 1958 .

[222]  B. Morgan.  Three Dreams of Language; Or, No Longer Immured in the Bastille of the Humanist Word. , 1987 .

[223]  Paulo Freire,et al.  Pedagogy of the Oppressed , 2019, Toward a Just World Order.

[224]  Ann Bodine,et al.  Androcentrism in prescriptive grammar: singular ‘they’, sex-indefinite ‘he’, and ‘he or she’ , 1975, Language in Society.

[225]  W. L. Williamson.  Spreading the Word: The Library Work of the British Council. Douglas Coombs , 1989 .

[226]  Salikoko S. Mufwene.  English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives , 1993 .

[227]  M. Foucault,et al.  The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction , 1990 .

[228]  M. Rampton,et al.  Displacing the ‘native speaker’: expertise, affiliation, and inheritance , 1990 .

[229]  Ann Arbor,et al.  English as a World Language , 1982 .

[230]  B. Luk.  Chinese Culture in the Hong Kong Curriculum: Heritage and Colonialism , 1991, Comparative Education Review.

[231]  P. Gopal.  Siting Translation: History, Post-structuralism and the Colonial Context (review) , 2009 .

[232]  Teaching at a Provincial Chinese University. , 1986 .

[233]  A. Pitt.  The language makers , 1988, English Today.

[234]  Roger I. Simon,et al.  Empowerment as a Pedagogy of Possibility , 1987, Language Arts.

[235]  Glenn D. Deckert.  A Pedagogical Response to Learned Plagiarism among Tertiary-Level ESL Students. , 1992 .