Molecular theory of irreversibility.

A generalization of the Gibbs entropy postulate is proposed based on the Bogolyubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy of equations as the nonequilibrium entropy for a system of N interacting particles. This entropy satisfies the basic principles of thermodynamics in the sense that it reaches its maximum at equilibrium and is coherent with the second law. By using a generalization of the Liouville equation describing the evolution of the distribution vector, it is demonstrated that the entropy production is a non-negative quantity. Moreover, following the procedure of nonequilibrium thermodynamics a transport matrix is introduced and a microscopic expression for this is derived. This framework allows one to perform the thermodynamic analysis of nonequilibrium steady states with smooth phase-space distribution functions which, as proven here, constitute the states of minimum entropy production when one considers small departures from stationarity.

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