CSCW and Artificial Intelligence

1 Towards a Cooperative Software Agent.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.1 The Concept of Software Agents.- 1.1.2 A Description of Software Agents.- 1.1.3 Agents as Processes.- 1.1.4 An Analogy Based on Human Agents.- 1.1.5 Characteristics of an Interface Agent.- 1.2 Cooperation: A Behavioural Metaphor for Software Agents.- 1.2.1 Factors that Induce and Maintain Human Cooperation.- 1.2.2 Task Factors that Support Cooperation.- 1.2.3 Advantages of Cooperation During Problem Solving.- 1.2.4 Human-Computer Interaction.- 1.3 The Cooperative Machine.- 1.3.1 The Underlying Mechanisms of a Cooperative Machine.- 1.3.2 An Exemplarof Human-Computer Cooperation.- 1.4 Conclusions.- 2 A Framework for Negotiation.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Context.- 2.3 The Framework.- 2.4 Communications Support.- 2.5 Task Support.- 2.6 Group Support.- 2.6.1 Conference Agent.- 2.6.2 Floor Agent.- 2.6.3 Representation Agent.- 2.6.4 History Agent.- 2.6.5 Workstation Agent.- 2.6.6 Facilitator Agent.- 2.6.7 Data Agent.- 2.7 Conclusion.- 3 Environments for Cooperating Agents: Designing the Interface as Medium.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 History.- 3.3 Active and Passive Interfaces.- 3.4 The Interface as Medium.- 3.5 Adaptive Interfaces.- 3.6 An Experiment in Embodied Adaptivity.- 3.7 Conferences and Cooperation.- 3.8 Designing the Medium.- 3.8.1 Separation.- 3.8.2 Access.- 3.8.3 Using Models of Interpersonal Communication.- 3.8.4 Using Models from Application Interfaces.- 3.9 Conclusions.- 4 Domain Knowledge Agents for Information Retrieval.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.1.1 Scope of Chapter.- 4.2 Agent Architecture.- 4.2.1 Document Agents.- 4.2.2 Knowledge Agents.- 4.2.3 Query Agents.- 4.3 Document Agents and their Co-Agents.- 4.4 Knowledge Agents.- 4.4.1 The "Agent Maker".- 4.4.2 Automatically Generated Agents.- 4.4.3 Task-Specific Knowledge Agents.- 4.5 Object-Oriented Implementation.- 4.6 Conclusion.- 5 Autonomous Agents in the Support of Cooperative Authorship.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.1.1 Scope of Chapter.- 5.2 A Model of Cooperative Authorship.- 5.3 The Definition of Loquacious-Agents and their Document Environment.- 5.3.1 Definition1.- 5.3.2 Definition2.- 5.3.3 Definition3.- 5.3.4 Definition4.- 5.3.5 Definition5.- 5.3.6 Definition6.- 5.3.7 Definition7.- 5.3.8 Definition8.- 5.4 The Four-Layer Model of Agent Communication.- 5.5 An Example Using an Ls-Agent: Rapporteur.- 5.6 Discussion and Conclusion.- 6 Agency within CSCW: Towards the Development of Active Cooperative Working Environments.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Related Research.- 6.3 The Cooperative Working Platform.- 6.3.1 Objectives.- 6.3.2 Design of the Cooperative Working Platform.- 6.3.3 Implementation Details.- 6.4 Conclusions.- 7 A Model for Supporting Interacting Knowledge Sources.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 The Scope for AI in CSCW.- 7.3 Organizational Decision Making and Interacting Knowledge Sources.- 7.4 A Model for Supporting Interacting Knowledge Sources.- 7.5 Modelling Communication in Multiparticipant Settings.- 7.6 Conclusion.- 8 A Functional Model of Interacting Systems: A Semiotic Approach.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 An Overview of Interaction.- 8.3 A Detailed View of Interaction.- 8.3.1 The Receptor.- 8.3.2 Deriving Semantics.- 8.3.3 Information and Knowledge.- 8.3.4 Transmission.- 8.3.5 Summary H.- 8.4 Discussion H.- 8.5 Conclusion.- Appendix A: Examples of the Model in Action.- A. l The Broadway Example.- A. 2 Insert New Line Example.- 9 Supporting Human Experts' Collaborative Work: Modelling Organizational Context Knowledge in Cooperative Information Systems.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Related Work.- 9.3 FRESCO: Cooperating Expert Systems in Banking.- 9.3.1 Overview.- 9.3.2 The Cooperative Problem Solving Scenario.- 9.3.3 Shortcomings: An Organizational Perspective.- 9.4 Modelling Organizational Context Knowledge.- 9.5 A Multi-Layered Reference Coordination Architecture.- 9.6 Conclusions.- 10 Artificial Intelligence and Computer Supported Cooperative Working in International Contexts.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Communication Issues.- 10.2.1 Methods of Communication.- 10.2.2 The Internationalization of the Human-Computer Interface.- 10.2.3 The Social Dimension.- 10.3 Relevant Branches of AI.- 10.4 Communication Problems and the Role of AI.- 10.4.1 Intervention in the Communication Process.- 10.4.2 Support for System Users and Designers.- 10.5 Conclusion.- 11 On the Definition and Desirability of Autonomous User Agents in CSCW.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Incorporating the Differing Viewpoints of Social Scientists and Computer Scientists.- 11.3 CSCW Task Domains.- 11.4 Group Stages and Group Functions.- 11.5 Conclusions.- 11.5.1 How Intelligent Will Agents Be?.- 11.5.2 How Will They Be Displayed?.- 11.5.3 How Will They Support Group Working?.- 11.5.4 A Case Example.- References.- Name Index.

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