LANDSCAPE HETEROGENEITY AT DIFFERING SCALES: EFFECTS ON SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MULE DEER

We quantified relationships between a suite of landscape metrics measured at different spatial scales and sizes of home ranges for female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) to test whether spatial heterogeneity played a major role in determining the distribution of deer. We collected data on female mule deer and their habitats at five diverse study sites that spanned the length of California, USA. Sizes of home ranges (95% adaptive-kernel analysis) for 80 adult female mule deer varied markedly among individual deer (39–2878 ha) and among the five study sites (range of means for each study site, 49–1138 ha). We measured landscape metrics within varying radii (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 m) from the center of the home range for each deer. Landscape metrics such as edge density, mean shape index, and double-log fractal dimension were inversely correlated with the size of loge-transformed home ranges in deer across all spatial scales. Mean nearest neighbor and contagion index were positively correlated with home-ra...

[1]  J. P. Dempster,et al.  Spatial heterogeneity, stochasticity and the detection of density dependence in animal populations , 1986 .

[2]  W. Alverson,et al.  Forests Too Deer: Edge Effects in Northern Wisconsin , 1988 .

[3]  R. Bowyer.  Timing of Parturition and Lactation in Southern Mule Deer , 1991 .

[4]  T. A. Hanley.  Potential role of deer (Cervidae) as ecological indicators of forest management , 1996 .

[5]  Håkan Sand,et al.  Home-Range Size in Relation to Age and Sex in Moose , 1994 .

[6]  T. Clark,et al.  ECOTONES AS A MEASURE OF DEER HABITAT QUALITY IN CENTRAL ONTARIO , 1982 .

[7]  R. G. Ford.  Home Range in a Patchy Environment: Optimal Foraging Predictions , 1983 .

[8]  J. C. Hickman,et al.  The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California , 1993 .

[9]  David R. Anderson,et al.  Model selection and inference : a practical information-theoretic approach , 2000 .

[10]  B. Worton.  Using Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate kernel-based home range estimators , 1995 .

[11]  M. Buechner.  Are small-scale landscape features important factors for field studies of small mammal dispersal sinks? , 1989, Landscape Ecology.

[12]  M. Bowers,et al.  Home range size adjustments by the eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus, in response to natural and manipulated water availability , 1990 .

[13]  Pierre Legendre,et al.  Untangling Multiple Factors in Spatial Distributions: Lilies, Gophers, and Rocks , 1996 .

[14]  Norman A. Slade,et al.  Relating Body Size to the Rate of Home Range Use in Mammals , 1988 .

[15]  J. Wiens.  Population Responses to Patchy Environments , 1976 .

[16]  Roland R. Roth,et al.  Spatial Heterogeneity and Bird Species Diversity , 1976 .

[17]  A. Harestad,et al.  Home Range and Body Weight‐‐A Reevaluation , 1979 .

[18]  S. McNaughton,et al.  Serengeti Migratory Wildebeest: Facilitation of Energy Flow by Grazing , 1976, Science.

[19]  F. Bunnell,et al.  Testing responses to forest edges: the example of black-tailed deer , 1992 .

[20]  E. R. Loft,et al.  Seasonal movements and summer habitats of female black-tailed deer , 1984 .

[21]  Monica G. Turner,et al.  Quantitative methods in landscape ecology : the analysis and interpretation of landscape heterogeneity , 1991 .

[22]  J. Kie,et al.  Habitat shifts by mule deer: The influence of cattle grazing , 1991 .

[23]  J. Kie,et al.  Cattle-deer interactions in the Sierra Nevada: a bioeconomic approach. , 1991 .

[24]  R. Naiman,et al.  Selective Foraging and Ecosystem Processes in Boreal Forests , 1992, The American Naturalist.

[25]  V. Saab.  IMPORTANCE OF SPATIAL SCALE TO HABITAT USE BY BREEDING BIRDS IN RIPARIAN FORESTS: A HIERARCHICAL ANALYSIS , 1999 .

[26]  Jonathan Roughgarden,et al.  Spatial heterogeneity and interspecific competition , 1982 .

[27]  Steven R. Beissinger,et al.  Effects of parturition on home ranges and social affiliations of female white-tailed deer , 1996 .

[28]  J. Rappole,et al.  Managing the Abundance and Diversity of Breeding Bird Populations through Manipulation of Deer Populations , 2000 .

[29]  G. Gruell,et al.  Movements of Mule Deer in Northeastern Nevada , 1963 .

[30]  John G. Kie,et al.  Habitat selection and survival of mule deer : Tradeoffs associated with migration , 1997 .

[31]  S. Moe,et al.  Spacing behaviour and habitat use of axis deer (Axis axis) in lowland Nepal , 1994 .

[32]  M. Turner,et al.  LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY : The Effect of Pattern on Process 1 , 2002 .

[33]  R. Powell,et al.  Effects of Scale on Habitat Selection and Foraging Behavior of Fishers in Winter , 1994 .

[34]  J. Kie,et al.  Foraging behavior by mule deer : the influence of cattle grazing , 1991 .

[35]  R. O'Neill,et al.  Effects of changing spatial scale on the analysis of landscape pattern , 1989, Landscape Ecology.

[36]  John G. Kie,et al.  Sexual segregation in black-tailed deer : effects of scale , 1996 .

[37]  J. Kie,et al.  Grazing in the Sierra Nevada: Home range and space use patterns of mule deer as influenced by cattle , 1993 .

[38]  John W. Zimmerman,et al.  Ecology and Behaviour of North American Black Bears: Home Ranges, Habitat and Social Organization , 1996 .

[39]  Michiel F. De Vires.  Large Herbivores and the Design of Large‐Scale Nature Reserves in Western Europe , 1995 .

[40]  R. Relyea,et al.  Home range of Desert Mule Deer : Testing the body-size and habitat-productivity hypotheses , 2000 .

[41]  J. Neter,et al.  Applied linear statistical models : regression, analysis of variance, and experimental designs , 1974 .

[42]  The effects of cattle grazing on optimal foraging in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) , 1996 .

[43]  N. Stenseth.  Spatial Heterogeneity and Population Stability: Some Evolutionary Consequences , 1980 .

[44]  J. Dickson,et al.  Effect of Forest Clear-Cut Edge on Breeding Birds in East Texas , 1980 .

[45]  James C. Hickman,et al.  The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California , 1993 .

[46]  John D. C. Linnell,et al.  Habitat use and ecological correlates of home range size in a small cervid : the roe deer , 1996 .

[47]  Paul Beier,et al.  Factors influencing white-tailed deer activity patterns and habitat use. , 1990 .

[48]  A L Lloyd,et al.  Spatial heterogeneity in epidemic models. , 1996, Journal of theoretical biology.

[49]  A. Leopold,et al.  The Jawbone Deer Herd , 1952 .

[50]  Daniel F. Williams,et al.  POPULATION STRUCTURE OF DIPODOMYS INGENS (HETEROMYIDAE): THE ROLE OF SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY IN MAINTAINING GENETIC DIVERSITY , 1997, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[51]  K. McGarigal,et al.  FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. , 1995 .

[52]  F. Weckerly.  Sexual-Size Dimorphism: Influence of Mass and Mating Systems in the Most Dimorphic Mammals , 1998 .

[53]  H. Pulliam,et al.  Ecological Processes That Affect Populations in Complex Landscapes , 1992 .

[54]  J. Bissonette,et al.  The behavior of landscape metrics commonly used in the study of habitat fragmentation , 1998, Landscape Ecology.

[55]  S. McNaughton,et al.  Mineral nutrition and spatial concentrations of African ungulates , 1988, Nature.

[56]  Don W. Hayne,et al.  Calculation of Size of Home Range , 1949 .

[57]  J. Reynolds,et al.  A new contagion index to quantify spatial patterns of landscapes , 1993, Landscape Ecology.

[58]  L. L. Cadwell,et al.  Movement and Activity Patterns of Mule Deer in the Sagebrush-Steppe Region , 1984 .

[59]  Biogeochemistry research needs: observations from the ecosystem studies program of The National Science Foundation , 1986 .

[60]  Thomas W. Schoener,et al.  An empirically based estimate of home range , 1981 .

[61]  John Wegner,et al.  Population effects of landscape model manipulation on two behaviourally different woodland small mammals , 1998 .

[62]  B. Worton.  Kernel methods for estimating the utilization distribution in home-range studies , 1989 .

[63]  W. Rice.  ANALYZING TABLES OF STATISTICAL TESTS , 1989, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[64]  O. C. Wallmo.  Mule and black-tailed deer of North America. , 1982 .

[65]  R. Bowyer,et al.  Moose herbivory, browse quality, and nutrient cycling in an Alaskan treeline community , 1993, Oecologia.

[66]  R. Terry Bowyer,et al.  Sexual Segregation in Southern Mule Deer , 1984 .

[67]  R. O'Neill,et al.  Landscape patterns in a disturbed environment , 1987 .

[68]  R. Bowyer,et al.  SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF MOUNTAIN LIONS: DOES A LAND-TENURE SYSTEM REGULATE POPULATION SIZE? , 2000 .

[69]  B. McNab,et al.  Bioenergetics and the Determination of Home Range Size , 1963, The American Naturalist.

[70]  T. A. Hanley.  Black-Tailed Deer, Elk, and Forest Edge in a Western Cascades Watershed , 1983 .

[71]  D. McCullough,et al.  Density Dependence and Life-History Strategies of Ungulates , 1999 .

[72]  T. Clutton‐Brock,et al.  Mammals, resources and reproductive strategies , 1978, Nature.

[73]  Bruce T. Milne,et al.  Scaling of ‘landscapes’ in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecology from a beetle's perspective , 1989, Landscape Ecology.

[74]  J. Kie,et al.  The Role of Moose in Landscape Processes: Effects of Biogeography, Population Dynamics, and Predation , 1997 .

[75]  Paul R. Krausman,et al.  Desert mule deer use of water developments in Arizona , 1986 .

[76]  J. Wiens.  Spatial Scaling in Ecology , 1989 .

[77]  Gary C. White,et al.  Movements of female mule deer in northwest Colorado , 1987 .

[78]  Robert D Holt,et al.  Spatial Heterogeneity, Indirect Interactions, and the Coexistence of Prey Species , 1984, The American Naturalist.

[79]  Anthony R. Ives,et al.  Spatial heterogeneity and host-parasitoid population dynamics: Do we need to study behavior? , 1995 .

[80]  N. Hobbs.  Modification of Ecosystems by Ungulates , 1996 .

[81]  Arnold R. Dood,et al.  Summer movements, home range, habitat use, and behavior of mule deer fawns , 1984 .

[82]  Robert D. Holt,et al.  7 – From Metapopulation Dynamics to Community Structure: Some Consequences of Spatial Heterogeneity , 1997 .

[83]  C. Dickman.  Habitat fragmentation and vertebrate species richness in an urban environment , 1987 .

[84]  J. Reynolds,et al.  A Simulation Experiment to Quantify Spatial Heterogeneity in Categorical Maps , 1994 .

[85]  Douglas H. Johnson.  THE COMPARISON OF USAGE AND AVAILABILITY MEASUREMENTS FOR EVALUATING RESOURCE PREFERENCE , 1980 .

[86]  Modelling habitat suitability for black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in heterogeneous landscapes , 1996 .

[87]  Richard H. Yahner,et al.  Changes in Wildlife Communities Near Edges , 1988 .

[88]  L. Harris,et al.  Effect of Spatial Heterogeneity on Ground-Nest Depredation , 1980 .

[89]  J. Kie,et al.  Sexual Segregation in White-Tailed Deer: Density-Dependent Changes in Use of Space, Habitat Selection, and Dietary Niche , 1999 .