Localization: theory and experiment

The transport properties of disordered solids have been the subject of much work since at least the 1950s, but with a new burst of activity during the 1980s which has survived up to the present day. There have been numerous reviews of a more or less specialized nature. The present review aims to fill the niche for a non-specialized review of this very active area of research. The basic concepts behind the theory are introduced with more detailed sections covering experimental results, one-dimensional localization, scaling theory, weak localization, magnetic field effects and fluctuations.

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[2]  Statistical properties of the Anderson transition Numerical results , 1993 .

[3]  Kramer Critical exponent and multifractality of states at the Anderson transition. , 1993, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[4]  M. Schreiber,et al.  Finite-Size Scaling and Critical Exponents. A New Approach and Its Application to Anderson Localisation , 1993 .

[5]  Anderson Transition in Three-Dimensional Systems in Strong Magnetic Fields , 1993 .

[6]  B. Kramer,et al.  Statistical properties of Lyapunov exponents and of quantum conductance of random systems in the regime of hopping transport , 1993 .

[7]  Multifractal behavior and scaling in disordered mesoscopic QHE-systems , 1992 .

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[10]  B. Huckestein Scaling and Universality in the Integer Quantum Hall Effect , 1992 .

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[35]  One-parameter scaling in the lowest landau band , 1990 .

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[44]  J. Pendry Transfer matrices and conductivity in two- and three-dimensional systems. II. Application to localised and delocalised systems , 1990 .

[45]  J. Pendry Transfer matrices and conductivity in two- and three-dimensional systems. I. Formalism , 1990 .

[46]  S. Evangelou Multifractal wavefunctions at the mobility edge , 1990 .

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[48]  D. Tsui,et al.  Critical exponent in the fractional quantum Hall effect , 1990 .

[49]  New results on scaling in the integral quantum Hall effect , 1990 .

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[51]  J. Pendry,et al.  Statistics and scaling in one-dimensional disordered systems , 1990 .

[52]  Kramer,et al.  One-parameter scaling in the lowest Landau band: Precise determination of the critical behavior of the localization length. , 1990, Physical review letters.

[53]  Wave propagation through disordered media and universal conductance fluctuations. , 1990, Physical review letters.

[54]  Kroha,et al.  Self-consistent theory of Anderson localization for the tight-binding model with site-diagonal disorder. , 1990, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[55]  A. Mackinnon Scaling and the quantum Hall effect , 1989 .

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[61]  J. Pendry,et al.  Reflection of waves from disordered surfaces , 1989 .

[62]  Kirkpatrick,et al.  Crossover and scaling phenomena in a disordered Fermi liquid. , 1989, Physical review letters.

[63]  Ando,et al.  Numerical study of symmetry effects on localization in two dimensions. , 1989, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[64]  Maximum-entropy approaches to quantum electronic transport. , 1989, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[65]  Kirkpatrick,et al.  Existence of a phase transition in Finkelshtein's model for a disordered Fermi liquid. , 1989, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[66]  P. Carra,et al.  Electron motion in a random potential and strong magnetic field: Scattering and quantum interference in high Landau levels , 1989 .

[67]  Moebius Comment on "Critical behavior of the zero-temperature conductivity in compensated silicon, Si:(P,B)" , 1989, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[68]  B. Kramer,et al.  New model for localization in strong magnetic field , 1989 .

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[70]  Hopkins,et al.  Magnetic-field-induced localization in degenerately doped n-type Ge. , 1989, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[71]  Y. Ono,et al.  Inverse Participation Number and Fractal Dimensionality of Electronic States in a Two Dimensional System in Strong Perpendicular Magnetic Field , 1989 .

[72]  T. R. Kirkpatrick,et al.  Interacting disordered electrons and the metal-insulator transition: The field theoretic approach reanalyzed , 1989 .

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[74]  V. Fal’ko Nonlinear Properties of Mesoscopic Junctions Under High-Frequency Field Irradiation , 1989 .

[75]  Y. Ono,et al.  Quantum Hall Conductivity and the Electronic States in Cylinder Geometry with Finite Width , 1989 .

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[79]  Kardar,et al.  Interference of directed paths in disordered systems. , 1989, Physical review letters.

[80]  Carl,et al.  Antilocalization and electron-electron interaction in thin granular palladium-carbon mixture films. , 1989, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[81]  B. Altshuler,et al.  Applicability of scaling description to the distribution of mesoscopic fluctuations , 1989 .

[82]  Carl,et al.  Magnetoresistance in thin palladium-carbon mixture films. , 1989, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[83]  M. Schreiber,et al.  Localization of Disordered Electron Systems – A Numerical Analysis of the Anderson Transition , 1989 .

[84]  Shapiro,et al.  Universal distributions and scaling in disordered systems. , 1988, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[85]  I. Lerner Distribution functions of current density and local density of states in disordered quantum conductors , 1988 .

[86]  S. Galam Multicritical behavior, irrelevant variables, and Landau theory , 1988 .

[87]  J. Masek,et al.  Frequency dependent conductance of linear disordered chain , 1988 .

[88]  Leo,et al.  Electric-field-dependent localization in a superlattice. , 1988, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[89]  Pruisken,et al.  Universal singularities in the integral quantum Hall effect. , 1988, Physical review letters.

[90]  Tsui,et al.  Experiments on delocalization and universality in the integral quantum Hall effect. , 1988, Physical review letters.

[91]  Giordano Conductance fluctuations in disordered systems: Dependence on the degree of disorder. , 1988, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[92]  J. Pendry,et al.  Electronic properties of disordered materials: a symmetric group approach , 1988 .

[93]  Daniell,et al.  Scaling, diffusion, and the integer quantized Hall effect. , 1988, Physical review letters.

[94]  Shapiro,et al.  Macroscopic approach to correlations in the electronic transmission and reflection from disordered conductors. , 1988, Physical review letters.

[95]  F. Lerbet,et al.  Acoustical study of tunneling states in magnetic rare-earth glasses: wave propagation and phonon echoes , 1988 .

[96]  J. Pichard,et al.  Random matrix theory and universal statistics for disordered quantum conductors with spin-dependent hopping , 1988 .

[97]  Paul Coddington,et al.  Percolation, quantum tunnelling and the integer Hall effect , 1988 .

[98]  Wise,et al.  Universality of random-matrix predictions for the statistics of energy levels. , 1988, Physical review letters.

[99]  S. B. Kaplan,et al.  Mesoscopic coherence phenomena in semiconductor devices , 1988 .

[100]  Richard A. Webb,et al.  Electronic transport in small strongly localized structures , 1988 .

[101]  Mello Macroscopic approach to universal conductance fluctuations in disordered metals. , 1988, Physical review letters.

[102]  P. A. Mello,et al.  Macroscopic approach to multichannel disordered conductors , 1988 .

[103]  Weak Localization and the Integer Quantum Hall Effect , 1988 .

[104]  J. Pendry,et al.  Electron localisation in 1D-the general case , 1988 .

[105]  Localization in two-dimensional square lattices: Effects of magnetic field and spin-orbit interaction , 1988 .

[106]  Localisation in the quantum hall regime , 1988 .

[107]  Y. Ono,et al.  On the fractal dimensionality of the extended states in disordered two-dimensional systems in a strong magnetic field , 1988 .

[108]  F. Aliev,et al.  TRANSITION OF A KONDO SYSTEM CENISN TO AN INSULATING STATE AT LOW-TEMPERATURES , 1988 .

[109]  A. Mackinnon,et al.  The statistics of the conductance in two- and three-dimensional disordered systems , 1987 .

[110]  W. Shafarman,et al.  Tuning correlation and localization lengths with high magnetic fields near the metal-insulator transition , 1987 .

[111]  B. Shapiro Scaling properties of probability distributions in disordered systems , 1987 .

[112]  Stone,et al.  Random-matrix theory and universal statistics for disordered quantum conductors. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[113]  Absence of h/e periodicity of the Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in square metallic lattices , 1987 .

[114]  P. Carra Anderson localisation in a strong magnetic field: self-consistent theory in high Landau levels , 1987 .

[115]  J. Chalker Anderson localisation in quantum Hall systems , 1987 .

[116]  N. Sano,et al.  Fine Tuning of Metal-Insulator Transition in Al0.3Ga0.7As Using Persistent Photoconductivity , 1987 .

[117]  A. Aronov,et al.  Magnetic flux effects in disordered conductors , 1987 .

[118]  Hideo Aoki,et al.  Quantised Hall effect , 1987 .

[119]  T. Hatano,et al.  Transmission Electron Microscope Studies on High-Tc Superconductor Ba0.7Y0.3Cu1Ox , 1987 .

[120]  S. Evangelou,et al.  The Anderson transition in two dimensions in the presence of spin-orbit coupling , 1987 .

[121]  Bernard Derrida,et al.  Lyapounov exponents of products of random matrices : weak disorder expansion. Application to localisation , 1987 .

[122]  M. Schreiber,et al.  Localization, quantum interference, and the metal-insulator transition , 1987 .

[123]  John B. Pendry,et al.  Quasi-extended electron states in strongly disordered systems , 1987 .

[124]  H. Kunz,et al.  Strong localization of classical waves: a numerical study , 1987 .

[125]  Lee,et al.  Universal conductance fluctuations in metals: Effects of finite temperature, interactions, and magnetic field. , 1987, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[126]  Tang,et al.  Critical wave functions and a Cantor-set spectrum of a one-dimensional quasicrystal model. , 1987, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[127]  Mello Macroscopic approach to the theory of one-dimensional disordered conductors. , 1987, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[128]  H. Weidenmüller Single Electron in a Random Potential and a Strong Magnetic Field , 1987 .

[129]  Fisher,et al.  Finite-size scaling and correlation lengths for disordered systems. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[130]  Pendry,et al.  Electrons at disordered surfaces and 1/f noise. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[131]  S. Hikami Localization Length and Inverse Participation Ratio of Two Dimensional Electron in the Quantized Hall Effect , 1986 .

[132]  M. Zirnbauer,et al.  Localization transition on the Bethe lattice. , 1986, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[133]  K. Tankei,et al.  Statistics of Electrical Resistance in One-Dimensional Disordered System , 1986 .

[134]  J. Pichard,et al.  Many-Channel Transmission: Large Volume Limit of the Distribution of Localization Lengths and One-Parameter Scaling , 1986 .

[135]  Shapiro Probability distributions in the scaling theory of localization. , 1986, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[136]  B. Kramer,et al.  Localization in one dimensional correlated random potentials , 1986 .

[137]  A. Briggs,et al.  The Anderson transition in a magnetic field experimental evidence for a new phase diagram , 1986 .

[138]  Etemad,et al.  Weak localization of photons: Universal fluctuations and ensemble averaging. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[139]  J. Carton,et al.  Many-channel conductance of d-dimensional pure and randomly layered materials , 1986 .

[140]  W. Bernreuther,et al.  Four-loop―order β function for two-dimensional nonlinear sigma models , 1986 .

[141]  J. Pendry Critical exponents in localisation theory , 1986 .

[142]  J. Chalker,et al.  An exactly solvable model of the disordered two-dimensional electron gas in a strong magnetic field , 1986 .

[143]  S. Chakravarty,et al.  Weak localization: The quasiclassical theory of electrons in a random potential , 1986 .

[144]  Howard,et al.  Universal conductance fluctuations in silicon inversion-layer nanostructures. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[145]  Lee,et al.  New aspects of variable-range hopping in finite one-dimensional wires. , 1986, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[146]  Aoki Fractal dimensionality of wave functions at the mobility edge: Quantum fractal in the Landau levels. , 1986, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[147]  J. Pichard The one-dimensional Anderson model: scaling and resonances revisited , 1986 .

[148]  É. Brézin,et al.  Localization in a strong magnetic field and the quantized Hall effect , 1986 .

[149]  M. Kasner,et al.  Localization in a one-dimensional random potential with spatial correlation , 1986 .

[150]  Naughton,et al.  Magnetic tuning of the metal-insulator transition for uncompensated arsenic-doped silicon. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[151]  Yoseph Imry,et al.  Active Transmission Channels and Universal Conductance Fluctuations , 1986 .

[152]  Narendra Kumar,et al.  Resistance fluctuation at the mobility edge , 1986 .

[153]  M. Zirnbauer Anderson localization and non-linear sigma model with graded symmetry , 1986 .

[154]  Rajiv R. P. Singh,et al.  A disordered two-dimensional system in a magnetic field: Borel-Padé analysis , 1986 .

[155]  Non-equilibrium noise in low-dimensional systems , 1986 .

[156]  J. Hanberg,et al.  New Light on the Scattering Mechanisms in Si Inversion Layers by Weak Localization Experiments , 1986 .

[157]  S. Washburn,et al.  Aharonov-Bohm effect in normal metal quantum coherence and transport , 1986 .

[158]  Bishop,et al.  Aperiodic magnetoresistance oscillations in narrow inversion layers in Si. , 1985, Physical review letters.

[159]  Maynard,et al.  Weak localization and anharmonicity of phonons. , 1985, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

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[163]  É. Brézin,et al.  Anderson localization in a spatially correlated random potential under a strong magnetic field , 1985 .

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[167]  Lee,et al.  Universal conductance fluctuations in metals. , 1985, Physical review letters.

[168]  Webb,et al.  Observation of h/e Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in normal-metal rings. , 1985, Physical review letters.

[169]  Raghavan,et al.  E2 effective charges of g9/2 nucleons derived from quadrupole moments of high-spin isomers in 88,90,91Zr and 90,92,94Mo. , 1985, Physical review letters.

[170]  T. Ando,et al.  Finite-Size Scaling Study of Localization in Landau Levels , 1985 .

[171]  R. Landauer,et al.  Generalized many-channel conductance formula with application to small rings. , 1985, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[172]  M. Schreiber Numerical evidence for power-law localisation in weakly disordered systems , 1985 .

[173]  A. Kawabata Scaling Theory of Anderson Localization , 1985 .

[174]  T. Ando Localization in Strong Magnetic Fields and Quantum Hall Effect , 1985 .

[175]  Y. Ono Self-Consistent Theory of Anderson Localization — Magnetic Field Effects — , 1985 .

[176]  S. Hikami Anderson Localization and Nonlinear σ Model , 1985 .

[177]  Y. Nagaoka Theory of Anderson Localization : A Historical Survey , 1985 .

[178]  Lee,et al.  Effect of inelastic processes on resonant tunneling in one dimension. , 1985, Physical review letters.

[179]  B. Kramer,et al.  Mobility edge in the three dimensional Anderson model , 1985 .

[180]  Y. Lozovik,et al.  The quantised Hall effect in strong magnetic fields , 1985 .

[181]  H. Aoki Two-dimensional localisation of electrons on a lattice in magnetic fields , 1985 .

[182]  R. Mansfield,et al.  Magnetic tuning of the metal-insulator transition in n-InSb at very low temperatures , 1985 .

[183]  A. Chubukov On the quantum effects in helimagnets , 1984 .

[184]  J. Pendry,et al.  The bandwidth of disordered 1D systems , 1984 .

[185]  S. John Electromagnetic absorption in a disordered medium near a photon mobility edge , 1984 .

[186]  J. Pendry,et al.  The statistics of the conductance of one-dimensional disordered chains , 1984 .

[187]  P. Lee Variable-Range Hopping in Finite One-Dimensional Wires , 1984 .

[188]  R. Rammal,et al.  Experimental fine tuning of the frustration: Two-dimensional superconducting network in a magnetic field , 1984 .

[189]  V. Kravtsov,et al.  Instability of the scaling theory of 2-d localization , 1984 .

[190]  Enclosed flux dependence of the eigenvalue spectrum: localisation and quantised Hall conductivity in a two-dimensional electron gas , 1984 .

[191]  J. Pendry A transfer matrix approach to localisation in 3D , 1984 .

[192]  S. Hikami Anderson Localization of the Two-Dimensional Electron in a Random Potential under a Strong Magnetic Field , 1984 .

[193]  T. Ando Electron Localization in a Two-Dimensional System in Strong Magnetic Fields. II. Long-Range Scatterers and Response Functions , 1984 .

[194]  James C. M. Hwang,et al.  Higher-Order States in the Multiple-Series, Fractional, Quantum Hall Effect , 1984 .

[195]  Y. Bruynseraede,et al.  Quantum oscillations in the superconducting fluctuation regime of cylindrical A1 films , 1984 .

[196]  A. M. Finkel'stein Weak localization and coulomb interaction in disordered systems , 1984 .

[197]  J. Pendry,et al.  The statistics of one-dimensional resistances , 1984 .

[198]  S. Libby,et al.  Theory of the quantized Hall effect (III) , 1984 .

[199]  A. Mackinnon,et al.  Magnetic field and electron states in two-dimensional disordered systems , 1984 .

[200]  E. N. Economou,et al.  Localized states in disordered systems as bound states in potential wells , 1984 .

[201]  R. Rammal,et al.  Magnetic Flux Quantization in the Weak-Localization Regime of a Nonsuperconducting Metal , 1984 .

[202]  A. Ishimaru,et al.  Retroreflectance from a dense distribution of spherical particles , 1984 .

[203]  E. Gardner,et al.  Lyapounov exponent of the one dimensional Anderson model : weak disorder expansions , 1984 .

[204]  C. Castellani,et al.  Interaction-driven metal-insulator transitions in disordered fermion systems , 1984 .

[205]  Magnetoconductance and quantized confinement in narrow silicon inversion layers , 1984 .

[206]  B. Simon,et al.  From power-localized to extended states in a class of one-dimensional disordered systems , 1984 .

[207]  A. Briggs,et al.  Magnetic field-induced metal-insulator transition in InP: new result at very low temperatures , 1984 .

[208]  Y. Bruynseraede,et al.  Resistance Oscillations and Electron Localization in Cylindrical Mg Films , 1984 .

[209]  A. Pruisken On localization in the theory of the quantized hall effect: A two-dimensional realization of the θ-vacuum , 1984 .

[210]  Colin J. Lambert,et al.  Localisation with phase correlations and the effect of periodic cycles , 1984 .

[211]  G. Bergmann,et al.  Weak localization in thin films: a time-of-flight experiment with conduction electrons , 1984 .

[212]  H. Aoki Structure of the wavefunction in disordered systems in magnetic fields , 1984 .

[213]  H. Aoki Electronic structure of disordered systems with periodic lattice distortion , 1984 .

[214]  S. Hikami Borel-Padé analysis for the two-dimensional electron in a random potential under a strong magnetic field , 1984 .

[215]  S. Washburn,et al.  Magnetoresistance of Small, Quasi-One-Dimensional, Normal-Metal Rings and Lines , 1984 .

[216]  S. John,et al.  Wave propagation and localization in a long-range correlated random potential , 1983 .

[217]  M. Azbel' Eigenstates and properties of random systems in one dimension at zero temperature , 1983 .

[218]  É. Guazzelli,et al.  On the localization of shallow water waves by a random bottom , 1983 .

[219]  R. Rammal,et al.  Experimental determination of the (H, T) phase diagram of a superconducting network , 1983 .

[220]  G. Bergmann,et al.  Physical interpretation of weak localization: A time-of-flight experiment with conduction electrons , 1983 .

[221]  REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS: Problems of the electron theory of disordered semiconductors , 1983 .

[222]  G. D. Watkins,et al.  An ODMR study of a luminescence excitation process in ZnSe:Fe , 1983 .

[223]  G. Bergmann Consistent temperature and field dependence in weak localization , 1983 .

[224]  S. Trugman Localization, percolation, and the quantum Hall effect , 1983 .

[225]  T. Ando Electron Localization in a Two-Dimensional System in Strong Magnetic Fields. I. Case of Short-Range Scatterers , 1983 .

[226]  H. Aoki Gauge transformation study of two-dimensional localisation in magnetic fields , 1983 .

[227]  S. Hikami Isomorphism and the β-function of the non-linear σ model in symmetric spaces , 1983 .

[228]  A. MacKinnon,et al.  The scaling theory of electrons in disordered solids: Additional numerical results , 1983 .

[229]  H. Aoki Critical behaviour of extended states in disordered systems , 1983 .

[230]  Klaus von Klitzing,et al.  Quantized hall effect , 1983 .

[231]  S. Luryi,et al.  Theory of quantized Hall effect at low temperatures , 1983 .

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[233]  K. Efetov Supersymmetry and theory of disordered metals , 1983 .

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[235]  H. Aoki Gauge-transformation study of the quantised Hall effect , 1982 .

[236]  Y. Ono Self-Consistent Treatment of Dynamical Diffusion Coefficient of Two Dimensional Random Electron System under Strong Magnetic Fields. II , 1982 .

[237]  J. Pendry Off-diagonal disorder and 1D localisation , 1982 .

[238]  K. Klitzing,et al.  Magneto-quantumtransport on GaAs-AlxGa1−xAs heterostructures at very low temperatures , 1982 .

[239]  J. Pendry 1D localisation and the symmetric group , 1982 .

[240]  Y. Ono Energy Dependence of Localization Length of Two-Dimensional Electron System Moving in a Random Potential under Strong Magnetic Fields , 1982 .

[241]  G. Bergmann Measurement of the Magnetic Scattering Time by Weak Localization , 1982 .

[242]  S. Iordansky On the conductivity of two dimensional electrons in a strong magnetic field , 1982 .

[243]  S. Luryi,et al.  Quantum percolation and quantization of Hall resistance in two-dimensional electron gas , 1982 .

[244]  J. Pendry The evolution of waves in disordered media , 1982 .

[245]  A. Gogolin Electron localization and hopping conductivity in one-dimensional disordered systems , 1982 .

[246]  A. Gossard,et al.  Quantized Hall effect at low temperatures , 1982 .

[247]  G. Bergman Influence of Spin-Orbit Coupling on Weak Localization , 1982 .

[248]  Paul Erdös,et al.  Theories of electrons in one-dimensional disordered systems , 1982 .

[249]  Y. Kantor,et al.  Localization in a one-dimensional disordered model , 1982 .

[250]  S. Katsumoto,et al.  Evidence for localization effects in compensated semiconductors , 1982 .

[251]  D. Vollhardt,et al.  Scaling Equations from a Self-Consistent Theory of Anderson Localization , 1982 .

[252]  G. Bergmann Quantitative analysis of weak localization in thin Mg films by magnetoresistance measurements , 1982 .

[253]  A. Hartstein,et al.  Conductance in Restricted-Dimensionality Accumulation Layers , 1982 .

[254]  Y. Ono Localization of Electrons under Strong Magnetic Fields in a Two-Dimensional System , 1982 .

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