A perspective on the measurement of time in plant disease epidemiology

The growth and development of plant pathogens and their hosts generally respond strongly to the temperature of their environment. However, most studies of plant pathology record pathogen/host measurements against physical time (e.g. hours or days) rather than thermal time (e.g. degree-days or degree-hours). This confounds the comparison of epidemiological measurements across experiments and limits the value of the scientific literature.

[1]  L. M. Carris,et al.  Enhancement of teliospore germination in wheat- and wild grass-infecting species of tilletia on activated charcoal medium. , 1998, Phytopathology.

[2]  Xu.  Effects of temperature on the latent period of the rose powdery mildew pathogen, Sphaerotheca pannosa , 1999 .

[3]  P. Barlow,et al.  First-order differential equation models with estimable parameters as functions of environmental variables and their application to a study of vascular development in young hybrid aspen stems. , 2003, Journal of theoretical biology.

[4]  S. Pietravalle,et al.  Modeling of Relationships Between Weather and Septoria tritici Epidemics on Winter Wheat: A Critical Approach. , 2003, Phytopathology.

[5]  C. Gilligan,et al.  The effect of sowing date on infection of sugar beet by Polymyxa betae , 1992 .

[6]  John M. Baker,et al.  ACCURACY OF HOURLY AIR TEMPERATURES CALCULATED FROM DAILY MINIMA AND MAXIMA , 1989 .

[7]  Roger Brown.  Effect of temperature , 1996 .

[8]  K. Phelps,et al.  Forecasting sclerotinia disease on lettuce: toward developing a prediction model for carpogenic germination of sclerotia. , 2004, Phytopathology.

[9]  S. Powers,et al.  Effect of temperature on latent period of septoria leaf blotch on winter wheat under outdoor conditions , 2004 .

[10]  Xu.  Modelling and forecasting epidemics of apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) , 1999 .

[11]  R. Rowe.  Epidemiology of Cercosporella Footrot of Wheat: Spore Production , 1973 .

[12]  D. J. Royle,et al.  Influence of crop growth and structure on the risk of epidemics by Mycosphaerella graminicola (Septoria tritici) in winter wheat , 1997 .

[13]  K. Phelps,et al.  Modelling the germination of Stellaria media using the concept of hydrothermal time. , 2000, The New phytologist.

[14]  W. Pfender.  Prediction of stem rust infection favorability, by means of degree-hour wetness duration, for perennial ryegrass seed crops. , 2003, Phytopathology.

[15]  Larry C. Purcell.  COMPARISON OF THERMAL UNITS DERIVED FROM DAILY AND HOURLY TEMPERATURES , 2003 .

[16]  R. Bonhomme,et al.  Bases and limits to using 'degree.day' units , 2000 .

[17]  R. Spotts,et al.  Factors affecting maturation and release of ascospores of Venturia pirina in Oregon , 1994 .

[18]  H Scherm,et al.  Interactions Between Chill-Hours and Degree-Days Affect Carpogenic Germination in Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi. , 2001, Phytopathology.

[19]  J. Tyldesley.  A method of evaluating the effect of temperature on an organism when the response is non-linear , 1978 .

[20]  W. Gerrard.  Effect of Temperature , 1976 .

[21]  D. Aikman,et al.  Modelling Plant Growth Under Varying Environment Conditions in a Uniform Canopy , 1993 .

[22]  J. Baker,et al.  Temperature Effects on Phenological Development and Yield of Muskmelon , 2001 .

[23]  C. Gilligan,et al.  Fitting of simple models for field disease progress data for the take‐all fungus , 1989 .

[24]  P. Teng,et al.  Effect of temperature and uredinium density on urediniospore production, latent period, and infectious period of Puccinia hordei Otth , 1978 .

[25]  Jesse A. Logan,et al.  A model for diurnal variation in soil and air temperature , 1981 .

[26]  D. J. Royle,et al.  The importance of terms and definitions for a conceptually unified epidemiology , 1980 .

[27]  J. Plank,et al.  Plant Diseases: Epidemics and Control , 1964 .

[28]  N. Paveley,et al.  Agronomic and meteorological factors affecting the severity of leaf blotch caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola in commercial wheat crops in England , 2001 .

[29]  H. Scherm,et al.  Effects of fluctuating temperatures on the latent period of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) , 1994 .

[30]  A. Alvarez,et al.  Effect of temperature on the incubation period and leaf colonization in bacterial blight of anthurium. , 1999, Phytopathology.

[31]  J. Annandale,et al.  Thermal time requirements for the development of green pea (Pisum sativum L.) , 1998 .

[32]  P. Lucas,et al.  Modeling of take-all epidemics to evaluate the efficacy of a new seed-treatment fungicide on wheat. , 1999, Phytopathology.

[33]  K. Phelps,et al.  Crop scheduling andprediction-principles and opportunities with field vegetables , 2002 .

[34]  R. D. Milholland.  Sclerotium Germination and Histopathology of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi on Highbush Blueberry , 1977 .

[35]  B. Fitt,et al.  Effects of temperature on maturation of pseudothecia of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa on oilseed rape stem debris , 2003 .

[36]  P. Struik,et al.  Theoretical approach to the dynamics of the inoculum density of Verticillium dahliae in the soil: first test of a simple model , 1996 .

[37]  P. Sharpe,et al.  Reaction kinetics of poikilotherm development. , 1977, Journal of theoretical biology.

[38]  Xinyou Yin,et al.  A nonlinear model for crop development as a function of temperature , 1995 .