Effect of zirconia-mullite incorporated biphasic calcium phosphate/biopolymer composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

New bioactive scaffolds with improved mechanical properties, biocompatibility and providing structural support for bone tissue are being developed for use in the treatment of bone defects. In this study, we have synthesized bioactive scaffolds consisting of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and zirconia-Mullite (2ZrO2·[3Al2O3 ·2 SiO2] (ZAS)) (BCPZAS) combined with polymers matrix of polycaprolactone (PCL)-alginate (Alg)-chitosan (Chi) (Chi/Alg-PCL) (BCPZAS@Chi/Alg-PCL). The composite material scaffolds were prepared by a blending technique. The microstructure, mechanical, bioactivity and in vitro biological properties with different ratios of BCP to ZAS of 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:1 wt% in polymer matrix were analyzed. Microstructure analysis showed a successful incorporation of the BCPZAS particles with an even distribution of them within the polymer matrix. The mechanical properties were found to gradually decrease with increasing the ratio of ZAS particles in the scaffolds. The highest compressive strength was 42.96 ± 1.01MPa for the 3:1 wt% BCP to ZAS mixing. Bioactivity test, the BCPZAS@Chi/Alg-PCL composite could induce apatite formation in simulate body fluid (SBF). In-vitro experiment using UMR-106 osteoblast-like cells on BCPZAS@Chi/Alg-PCL composite scaffold showed that there is cell attachment to the scaffolds with proliferation. These experimental results demonstrate that the BCPZAS@Chi/Alg-PCL composite especially for the BCP:ZAS at 3:1 wt% could be utilized as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications.