A Cultural Perspective on Negotiation: Progress, Pitfalls, and Prospects

Cet article passe en revue les vingt dernie`res anne´es de recherche sur la culture et la ne´gociation et pre´sente les progre`s qui ont e´te´ faits, les pie`ges dont il faut se de´fier et les perspectives pour de futurs travaux. On a remarque´ que beaucoup de recherches avaient tendance a` suivre ces deux mode`les implicites: (1) l’influence de la culture sur les strate´gies et l’aboutissement de la ne´gociation et/ou (2) l’interaction de la culture et d’autres aspects de la situation imme´diate sur les re´sultats de la ne´gociation. Cette recherche a porte´ sur un grand nombre de cultures et a mis en e´vidence plus d’un mode`le inte´ressant. Nous signalons cependant trois pie`ge caracte´ristiques de cette litte´rature, pie`ges qui nous ont handicape´s. Tout d’abord, la plupart des travaux se satisfont de de´nominations ge´ographiques pour de´signer les cultures et il est par suite souvent impossible de de´terminer les dimensions culturelles qui rendent compte des diffe´rences observe´es. Ensuite, beaucoup de recherches ignorent les processus psychologiques (c’est-a`-dire les motivations et les cognitions) qui sont en jeu dans les ne´gociations prenant place dans des cultures diffe´rentes si bien que nous apprenons peu de choses a` propos de la psychologie de la ne´gociation dans des contextes culturels diversifie´s. On se heurte ainsi a` une uboite noireA½ que les travaux sur la culture et la ne´gociation se gardent ge´ne´ralement d’ouvrir. Enfin, notre travail n’a recense´ qu’un nombre restreint de variables situationnelles imme´diates intervenant dans des ne´gociations prenant place dans des cultures diffe´rentes; notre compre´hension des effets mode´rateurs de la culture sur la ne´gociation est donc limite´e. Nous proposons un troisie`me mode`le, plus complet, de la culture et de la ne´gociation, pre´sentons quelques donne´es re´centes en sa faveur et esquissons quelques perspectives pour l’avenir.

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