Vehicle Speed Estimation Using Acoustic Wave Patterns

We estimate a vehicle's speed, its wheelbase length, and tire track length by jointly estimating its acoustic wave pattern with a single passive acoustic sensor that records the vehicle's drive-by noise. The acoustic wave pattern is determined using the vehicle's speed, the Doppler shift factor, the sensor's distance to the vehicle's closest-point-of-approach, and three envelope shape (ES) components, which approximate the shape variations of the received signal's power envelope. We incorporate the parameters of the ES components along with estimates of the vehicle engine RPM, the number of cylinders, and the vehicle's initial bearing, loudness and speed to form a vehicle profile vector. This vector provides a fingerprint that can be used for vehicle identification and classification. We also provide possible reasons why some of the existing methods are unable to provide unbiased vehicle speed estimates using the same framework. The approach is illustrated using vehicle speed estimation and classification results obtained with field data.

[1]  Volkan Cevher,et al.  Gaussian Approximations for Energy-Based Detection and Localization in Sensor Networks , 2007, 2007 IEEE/SP 14th Workshop on Statistical Signal Processing.

[2]  Ulf Sandberg,et al.  Tyre/road noise reference book , 2002 .

[3]  R. Graf,et al.  On the horn effect of a tyre/road interface, part I: experiment and computation , 2002 .

[4]  A. W. M. van den Enden,et al.  Discrete Time Signal Processing , 1989 .

[5]  Feng Zhao,et al.  Collaborative signal and information processing in microsensor networks , 2002, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.

[6]  R. E. Wheeler.  Statistical distributions , 1983, APLQ.

[7]  Wr Graham,et al.  ON THE HORN EFFECT OF A TYRE/ROAD INTERFACE, PART II: ASYMPTOTIC THEORIES , 2002 .

[8]  M. Evans.  Statistical Distributions , 2000 .

[9]  Fernando Pérez-González,et al.  Bias analysis and removal of a microphone array based road traffic speed estimator , 2004, 2004 12th European Signal Processing Conference.

[10]  Petre Stoica,et al.  MUSIC, maximum likelihood, and Cramer-Rao bound , 1989, IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[11]  James F. Forren,et al.  Traffic monitoring by tire noise , 1999 .

[12]  J. Miller.  Numerical Analysis , 1966, Nature.

[13]  Stephen J. Searle,et al.  Efficient matched processing for localisation of a moving acoustic source , 2005, Signal Process..

[14]  David G. Stork,et al.  Pattern Classification , 1973 .

[15]  Manohar Das,et al.  An efficient technique for modeling and synthesis of automotive engine sounds , 2001, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[16]  Ulf Sandberg,et al.  Tyre/road noise : myths and realities , 2001 .

[17]  J. Douglas Faires,et al.  Numerical Analysis , 1981 .

[18]  L. Tierney,et al.  Accurate Approximations for Posterior Moments and Marginal Densities , 1986 .

[19]  Yu Hen Hu,et al.  Vehicle classification in distributed sensor networks , 2004, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[20]  Sen M. Kuo,et al.  Active noise control: a tutorial review , 1999, Proc. IEEE.

[21]  Bernhard P. Wrobel,et al.  Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision , 2001 .

[22]  Boualem Boashash,et al.  A methodology for detection and classification of some underwater acoustic signals using time-frequency analysis techniques , 1990, IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process..

[23]  W. Root,et al.  An introduction to the theory of random signals and noise , 1958 .

[24]  Brian G. Ferguson,et al.  Broadband passive acoustic technique for target motion parameter estimation , 2000, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst..

[25]  Yoram Bresler,et al.  Doppler-based motion estimation for wide-band sources from single passive sensor measurements , 1997, 1997 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[26]  Sing Yiu Cheung,et al.  Vehicle Detection by Sensor Network Nodes , 2004 .

[27]  B. Quinn.  Doppler speed and range estimation using frequency and amplitude estimates , 1995 .

[28]  Erich J. Plate,et al.  Modelling of vehicle-induced turbulence in air pollution studies for streets , 2000 .

[29]  Nesrin Sarigul-Klijn,et al.  A computational aeroacoustic method for near and far field vehicle noise predictions , 2001 .

[30]  M.G. Bellanger,et al.  Digital processing of speech signals , 1980, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[31]  J. Hunt,et al.  Highway Modeling. Part I: Prediction of Velocity and Turbulence Fields in the Wake of Vehicles , 1979 .

[32]  P. Schultheiss,et al.  Delay estimation using narrow-band processes , 1981 .

[33]  Fernando Pérez-González,et al.  Estimation of Road Vehicle Speed Using Two Omnidirectional Microphones: A Maximum Likelihood Approach , 2004, EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process..

[34]  A. Einstein.  Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper , 1905 .

[35]  A. Weiss,et al.  Fundamental limitations in passive time delay estimation--Part I: Narrow-band systems , 1983 .

[36]  L. J. Ziomek.  Three necessary conditions for the validity of the Fresnel phase approximation for the near-field beam pattern of an aperture , 1993 .

[37]  A. Einstein.  On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies , 2005 .

[38]  A. Weiss,et al.  Performance analysis of bearing-only target location algorithms , 1992 .

[39]  José M. F. Moura,et al.  Cramer-Rao bound for location systems in multipath environments , 1991, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[40]  E. B. Wilson,et al.  The Distribution of Chi-Square. , 1931, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  M. Kendall.  Statistical Methods for Research Workers , 1937, Nature.

[42]  L. W.,et al.  The Theory of Sound , 1898, Nature.

[43]  Patrik Andersson.  High Frequency Tyre Vibrations , 2002 .

[44]  Don H. Johnson,et al.  Array Signal Processing: Concepts and Techniques , 1993 .

[45]  Shigeo Abe DrEng.  Pattern Classification , 2001, Springer London.

[46]  Feng Zhao,et al.  Sensing field: coverage characterization in distributed sensor networks , 2003, 2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03)..

[47]  Kristine L. Bell,et al.  Explicit Ziv-Zakai lower bound for bearing estimation , 1996, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..