Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 ection 6 . Paediatric life support an

Paediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and BRC Imperial NIHR, Imperial College, London, UK Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK Department of Anaesthesia, Paediatric Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Auf der Bult Children’s Hospital, Hannover, Germany Paediatric Intensive Care Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Medical School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Paediatric Emergency and Critical Care Division, Paediatric Area Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Paediatric Intensive Care Department, Womens and Childrens Division, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Oslo, Norway Paediatric Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine Departments, University Hospital Ghent and Ghent University, EMS Dispatch 112 Eastern Flanders, ederal Department Health Belgium, Ghent, Belgium Anaesthesia Department, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK Paediatric Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine Departments, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, Brussels, Belgium

[1]  J. Beyene,et al.  Multicentre validation of the bedside paediatric early warning system score: a severity of illness score to detect evolving critical illness in hospitalised children , 2011, Critical care.

[2]  C. Keller,et al.  Prospective randomized controlled multi-centre trial of cuffed or uncuffed endotracheal tubes in small children. , 2009, British journal of anaesthesia.

[3]  P. Alderson,et al.  Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. , 2000, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[4]  A. Dietrich,et al.  Adenosine and pediatric supraventricular tachycardia in the emergency department: multicenter study and review. , 1999, Annals of emergency medicine.

[5]  Christopher P. Bonafide,et al.  Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Medical Emergency Team in a Children’s Hospital , 2014, Pediatrics.

[6]  H. Sekiguchi,et al.  Verification of changes in the time taken to initiate chest compressions according to modified basic life support guidelines. , 2013, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[7]  P. Safar,et al.  Glucose plus insulin infusion improves cerebral outcome after asphyxial cardiac arrest , 1998, Neuroreport.

[8]  B. Levy,et al.  Comparison of norepinephrine-dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and organ function variables in cardiogenic shock. A prospective, randomized pilot study* , 2011, Critical care medicine.

[9]  A. Heffernan,et al.  Airway complications in infants: comparison of laryngeal mask airway and the facemask-oral airway , 2000, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[10]  N. Ceviz,et al.  Effectiveness and safety of intravenous amiodarone in drug‐resistant tachyarrhythmias of children , 1998, Acta paediatrica Japonica : Overseas edition.

[11]  Wanchun Tang,et al.  Levosimendan improves postresuscitation outcomes in a rat model of CPR. , 2005, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[12]  C. Deakin,et al.  Is optimal paddle force applied during paediatric external defibrillation? , 2004, Resuscitation.

[13]  J. Hedges,et al.  Central versus peripheral intravenous routes in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 1984, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[14]  M. Scheinman,et al.  Multicenter trial of sotalol compared with procainamide in the suppression of inducible ventricular tachycardia: a double-blind, randomized parallel evaluation. Sotalol Multicenter Study Group. , 1995, American heart journal.

[15]  Henry E. Wang,et al.  Multivariate predictors of failed prehospital endotracheal intubation. , 2003, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[16]  J. Tibballs,et al.  Reliability of pulse palpation by healthcare personnel to diagnose paediatric cardiac arrest. , 2008, Resuscitation.

[17]  J. Orlowski,et al.  Comparison study of intraosseous, central intravenous, and peripheral intravenous infusions of emergency drugs. , 1990, American journal of diseases of children.

[18]  J. Haller,et al.  Efficacy of emergency room thoracotomy in pediatric trauma. , 1987, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[19]  R. Walls,et al.  Rapid sequence intubation for pediatric emergency airway management , 2002, Pediatric emergency care.

[20]  M. Weiss,et al.  Comparison of tracheal tube cuff diameters with internal transverse diameters of the trachea in children , 2006, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[21]  M. Copass,et al.  Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation , 1999, JAMA.

[22]  R. Bökenkamp,et al.  Supraventricular Tachycardia in Infants, Children and Adolescents , 2000, Paediatric drugs.

[23]  S. Fullbrook.  End-of-life issues: common law and the Mental Capacity Act 2005. , 2007, British journal of nursing.

[24]  T. Knuth,et al.  Proximal humerus intraosseous infusion: a preferred emergency venous access. , 2009, The Journal of trauma.

[25]  D. Partrick,et al.  A critical analysis of outcome for children sustaining cardiac arrest after blunt trauma. , 2002, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[26]  B. Abella,et al.  Chest Compression Rates During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Are Suboptimal: A Prospective Study During In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest , 2005, Circulation.

[27]  W. Eppich,et al.  Family member presence in the pediatric emergency department , 2003, Current opinion in pediatrics.

[28]  K. Stenmark,et al.  High-dose epinephrine is not superior to standard-dose epinephrine in pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. , 1997, Pediatrics.

[29]  J. Triedman,et al.  Intravenous Amiodarone for Incessant Tachyarrhythmias in Children: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Antiarrhythmic Drug Trial , 2005, Circulation.

[30]  Comilla Sasson,et al.  Rapid Response Teams: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. , 2010, Archives of internal medicine.

[31]  D. Gabbott,et al.  iGel supraglottic airway use during hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 2012, Resuscitation.

[32]  J. López-Herce Cid,et al.  [Cardiorespiratory arrest in children with trauma]. , 2006, Anales de pediatria.

[33]  A. Topjian,et al.  Early Oxygenation and Ventilation Measurements After Pediatric Cardiac Arrest: Lack of Association With Outcome , 2013, Critical care medicine.

[34]  C. Wren,et al.  Supraventricular tachycardia in infants: response to initial treatment. , 1990, Archives of disease in childhood.

[35]  V. Pettilä,et al.  Strict versus moderate glucose control after resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation , 2007, Intensive Care Medicine.

[36]  K. Winston,et al.  Prognosis for children in cardiac arrest shortly after blunt cranial trauma. , 2010, The Journal of trauma.

[37]  J. Soar,et al.  Development and validation of risk models to predict outcomes following in-hospital cardiac arrest attended by a hospital-based resuscitation team☆ , 2014, Resuscitation.

[38]  P. Jouvet,et al.  Whole-body cooling after perinatal asphyxia: a pilot study in term neonates. , 2003, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[39]  Wanchun Tang,et al.  Comparison between dobutamine and levosimendan for management of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction* , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[40]  S. Abd-Allah,et al.  Intraosseous access in the setting of pediatric critical care transport , 2005, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[41]  M. J. Goldman,et al.  Should parents be present during emergency department procedures on children, and who should make that decision? A survey of emergency physician and nurse attitudes. , 2002, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[42]  C. Robertson,et al.  Hyperglycemia increases brain injury caused by secondary ischemia after cortical impact injury in rats. , 1997, Critical care medicine.

[43]  J. Falk,et al.  Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. , 2001, Annals of emergency medicine.

[44]  V. Wenzel,et al.  Arginine vasopressin in advanced cardiovascular failure during the post-resuscitation phase after cardiac arrest. , 2007, Resuscitation.

[45]  J. Finn,et al.  Trends in the incidence of presumed cardiac out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Perth, Western Australia, 1997-2010. , 2014, Resuscitation.

[46]  Michael Bailey,et al.  Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. , 2012, JAMA.

[47]  北村 哲久.  Conventional and chest-compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders for children who have out-of-hospital cardiac arrests : a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study , 2011 .

[48]  V. Nadkarni,et al.  Therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children. , 2015, The New England journal of medicine.

[49]  Gavin D Perkins,et al.  Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 ection 9 . Principles of education in resuscitation , 2010 .

[50]  J. Studnek,et al.  Intraosseous versus intravenous vascular access during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. , 2011, Annals of emergency medicine.

[51]  D. Nelson,et al.  Efficacy and Safety of Milrinone in Preventing Low Cardiac Output Syndrome in Infants and Children After Corrective Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease , 2003, Circulation.

[52]  J. Finn,et al.  CPR before defibrillation in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest: A randomized trial , 2005, Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA.

[53]  E. Gruenig,et al.  Hemodynamic effects of inhaled aerosolized iloprost and inhaled nitric oxide in heart transplant candidates with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. , 2002, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[54]  K. Lillis,et al.  Prehospital intravenous access in children. , 1992, Annals of emergency medicine.

[55]  R. Berg,et al.  Optimal dosing of dobutamine for treating post-resuscitation left ventricular dysfunction. , 2004, Resuscitation.

[56]  B. Baxter,et al.  Emergency Department thoracotomy in children--a critical analysis. , 1989, The Journal of trauma.

[57]  O. Bech-Hanssen,et al.  Effects of Levosimendan on Left Ventricular Relaxation and Early Filling at Maintained Preload and Afterload Conditions After Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Stenosis , 2008, Circulation.

[58]  R. Powell,et al.  Resuscitative thoracotomy in children and adolescents. , 1988, The American surgeon.

[59]  Heather A Walsh,et al.  Inpatient Nursing Care and Early Warning Scores: A Workflow Mismatch , 2014, Journal of nursing care quality.

[60]  A. Prevost,et al.  Psychological effect of witnessed resuscitation on bereaved relatives , 1998, The Lancet.

[61]  J. Tenhunen,et al.  Cardiac arrest teams and medical emergency teams in Finland: a nationwide cross‐sectional postal survey , 2014, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[62]  N. Kissoon,et al.  A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study of Two Fluid Regimens in the Initial Management of Septic Shock in the Emergency Department , 2008, Pediatric emergency care.

[63]  T. Green,et al.  Percutaneous femoral venous catheterizations: A prospective study of complications , 1989 .

[64]  Y. Okada,et al.  Hyperthermia following cardiopulmonary resuscitation , 2005, Intensive Care Medicine.

[65]  S. Zakynthinos,et al.  Vasopressin, steroids, and epinephrine and neurologically favorable survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. , 2013, JAMA.

[66]  C. Guzzetta,et al.  Do families want to be present during CPR? A retrospective survey. , 1998, Journal of emergency nursing: JEN : official publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association.

[67]  M. Kleinman,et al.  The Use of Vasoactive Agents Via Peripheral Intravenous Access During Transport of Critically III Infants and Children , 2010, Pediatric emergency care.

[68]  C. Schermer,et al.  Association between intravenous chloride load during resuscitation and in-hospital mortality among patients with SIRS , 2014, Intensive Care Medicine.

[69]  J. D. Young,et al.  A comparison of the laryngeal mask airway with the facemask and oropharyngeal airway for manual ventilation by first responders in children , 2009, Anaesthesia.

[70]  A. Nicolosi,et al.  Levosimendan enhances cardiac performance after cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial. , 1999, Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology.

[71]  F. Xue,et al.  Comparison of the I-gel supraglottic airway as a conduit for tracheal intubation with the intubating laryngeal mask airway. , 2010, Resuscitation.

[72]  A. Redington,et al.  Cardiopulmonary interactions after Fontan operations: augmentation of cardiac output using negative pressure ventilation. , 1997, Circulation.

[73]  Y. Hayashino,et al.  Epidemiological characteristics of sudden cardiac arrest in schools. , 2014, Resuscitation.

[74]  C. Deakin,et al.  Determining the optimal paddle force for external defibrillation. , 2002, The American journal of cardiology.

[75]  P. Steen,et al.  Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. , 2003, JAMA.

[76]  A. Kivioja,et al.  Efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pulseless paediatric trauma patients. , 1998, Resuscitation.

[77]  Christopher P. Bonafide,et al.  Impact of rapid response system implementation on critical deterioration events in children. , 2014, JAMA pediatrics.

[78]  J. Anson.  Vascular Access in Resuscitation: Is There a Role for the Intraosseous Route? , 2014, Anesthesiology.

[79]  G. Zimmerman,et al.  Experience of Families During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit , 2008, Pediatrics.

[80]  B. Scheller,et al.  Laryngeal tube suction II for difficult airway management in neonates and small infants. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[81]  Thomas D. Lyster,et al.  Is Arrhythmia Detection by Automatic External Defibrillator Accurate for Children?: Sensitivity and Specificity of an Automatic External Defibrillator Algorithm in 696 Pediatric Arrhythmias , 2001, Circulation.

[82]  R. Berg,et al.  Myocardial dysfunction after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an example of global myocardial stunning. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[83]  Jo Kramer-Johansen,et al.  Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest , 2005 .

[84]  M. Krizmaric,et al.  Partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide successful predicts cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the field: a prospective observational study , 2008, Critical care.

[85]  Deborah S. Smith,et al.  Five-year experience in prehospital intraosseous infusions in children and adults. , 1993, Annals of emergency medicine.

[86]  Andrew Whitelaw,et al.  Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial , 2005, The Lancet.

[87]  A comparison of high-dose and standard-dose epinephrine in children with cardiac arrest. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[88]  T R Gunn,et al.  Neuroprotection With Prolonged Head Cooling Started Before Postischemic Seizures in Fetal Sheep , 1998, Pediatrics.

[89]  N. Salter,et al.  Cardiac arrest in infancy: don't forget glucose! , 2010, Emergency Medicine Journal.

[90]  M. P. Larsen,et al.  The epidemiology of cardiac arrest in young adults. , 1992, Annals of emergency medicine.

[91]  M. Finkelstein,et al.  Sensitivity of the Pediatric Early Warning Score to Identify Patient Deterioration , 2010, Pediatrics.

[92]  Y. Sertdemir,et al.  Terlipressin as a rescue therapy for catecholamine-resistant septic shock in children , 2008, Intensive Care Medicine.

[93]  L. Theiler,et al.  Crossover Comparison of the Laryngeal Mask Supreme™ and the i-gel™ in Simulated Difficult Airway Scenario in Anesthetized Patients , 2009, Anesthesiology.

[94]  H. Stueven,et al.  The effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory electromechanical dissociation. , 1984, Annals of emergency medicine.

[95]  C. Haffajee,et al.  Lack of a hypotensive effect with rapid administration of a new aqueous formulation of intravenous amiodarone. , 2004, The American journal of cardiology.

[96]  C. Callaway,et al.  Usefulness of vasopressin administered with epinephrine during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2006, The American journal of cardiology.

[97]  M. Grocott,et al.  Perioperative buffered versus non-buffered fluid administration for surgery in adults. , 2012, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[98]  A. Hald,et al.  Assessing the position of the tracheal tube The reliability of different methods , 1989, Anaesthesia.

[99]  V. Nadkarni,et al.  CPR in children. , 1987, Annals of emergency medicine.

[100]  R. Pitetti,et al.  P REHOSPITAL C ARE AND O UTCOME OF P EDIATRIC O UT - OF - HOSPITAL C ARDIAC A RREST , 2002, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[101]  B S Zachariah,et al.  Invasive airway techniques in resuscitation. , 1993, Annals of emergency medicine.

[102]  H. Hoffman,et al.  Pediatric Early Warning Score at Time of Emergency Department Disposition Is Associated With Level of Care , 2014, Pediatric emergency care.

[103]  Paul J Sharek,et al.  Effect of a rapid response team on hospital-wide mortality and code rates outside the ICU in a Children's Hospital. , 2007, JAMA.

[104]  D. Atkins,et al.  Sensitivity and specificity of an automated external defibrillator algorithm designed for pediatric patients. , 2008, Resuscitation.

[105]  N. Kissoon,et al.  Use of intraosseous blood to assess blood chemistries and hemoglobin during cardiopulmonary resuscitation with drug infusions. , 1999, Critical care medicine.

[106]  T. Rea,et al.  Ventricular fibrillation in King County, Washington: a 30-year perspective. , 2008, Resuscitation.

[107]  S. Wewerka,et al.  Use of the Pediatric EZ-IO Needle by Emergency Medical Services Providers , 2009, Pediatric emergency care.

[108]  A. Romero,et al.  Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone for short-term treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in children , 2006, Pediatric Cardiology.

[109]  T. Wieloch,et al.  Long-lasting neuroprotective effect of postischemic hypothermia and treatment with an anti-inflammatory/antipyretic drug. Evidence for chronic encephalopathic processes following ischemia. , 1996, Stroke.

[110]  David E. Snyder,et al.  Fixed-energy biphasic waveform defibrillation in a pediatric model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation , 2002, Critical care medicine.

[111]  M. D. de Leval,et al.  Impact of junctional ectopic tachycardia on postoperative morbidity following repair of congenital heart defects. , 2002, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[112]  S. Bratton,et al.  Physician experience with family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children* , 2006, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[113]  E. T. Boie,et al.  Do parents want to be present during invasive procedures performed on their children in the emergency department? A survey of 400 parents. , 1999, Annals of emergency medicine.

[114]  F. Drago,et al.  Amiodarone Used Alone or in Combination with Propranolol: A Very Effective Therapy for Tachyarrhythmias in Infants and Children , 1998, Pediatric Cardiology.

[115]  Charles F Babbs,et al.  Optimum compression to ventilation ratios in CPR under realistic, practical conditions: a physiological and mathematical analysis. , 2002, Resuscitation.

[116]  R. Berg,et al.  Attenuating the defibrillation dosage decreases postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation , 2008, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[117]  K. Polderman.  Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the ICU: opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality. Part 1: Indications and evidence , 2004, Intensive Care Medicine.

[118]  K. J. Rhee,et al.  Family participation during resuscitation: an option. , 1987, Annals of emergency medicine.

[119]  Yaniv Bar-Cohen,et al.  First appropriate use of automated external defibrillator in an infant. , 2005, Resuscitation.

[120]  P. Moule,et al.  Checking the carotid pulse: diagnostic accuracy in students of the healthcare professions. , 2000, Resuscitation.

[121]  M. Kliegel,et al.  Cold simple intravenous infusions preceding special endovascular cooling for faster induction of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest--a feasibility study. , 2005, Resuscitation.

[122]  P. Richman,et al.  The etiology of cardiac arrest in children and young adults: special considerations for ED management. , 1999, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[123]  D. Atkins,et al.  Successful use of a biphasic waveform automated external defibrillator in a high-risk child. , 2000, The American journal of cardiology.

[124]  N. Mcswain,et al.  Prehospital endotracheal intubation for trauma does not improve survival over bag-valve-mask ventilation. , 2004, The Journal of trauma.

[125]  Jih-Chang Chen,et al.  The effects of sodium bicarbonate during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 2013, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[126]  R. Bing,et al.  Cardiac performance in pediatric near-drowning. , 1988, Critical care medicine.

[127]  P. Mair,et al.  Intraosseous blood gases during hypothermia: Correlation with arterial, mixed venous, and sagittal sinus blood , 2000, Critical care medicine.

[128]  K. Gauvreau,et al.  Validation of the Cardiac Children's Hospital Early Warning Score: an early warning scoring tool to prevent cardiopulmonary arrests in children with heart disease. , 2014, Congenital heart disease.

[129]  B. Wiggins,et al.  Intraosseous Drug Administration in Children and Adults During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , 2007, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[130]  D. Debehnke,et al.  The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. , 1995, Resuscitation.

[131]  T. Maeda,et al.  Impact of Dispatcher‐Assisted Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Neurological Outcomes in Children With Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrests: A Prospective, Nationwide, Population‐Based Cohort Study , 2014, Journal of the American Heart Association.

[132]  D. Zideman,et al.  Guidelines for paediatric life support. A statement by the Paediatric Life Support Working Party of the European Resuscitation Council, 1993. , 1994, Resuscitation.

[133]  S. Russo,et al.  Outcome of 12 drowned children with attempted resuscitation on cardiopulmonary bypass: an analysis of variables based on the "Utstein Style for Drowning". , 2007, Resuscitation.

[134]  Christopher P. Bonafide,et al.  Development of a score to predict clinical deterioration in hospitalized children. , 2012, Journal of hospital medicine.

[135]  A. Sheikh,et al.  International consensus on (ICON) anaphylaxis , 2014, The World Allergy Organization journal.

[136]  Kuo-Sheng Liu,et al.  Extracorporeal life support: a simple and effective weapon for postcardiotomy right ventricular failure. , 2009, Artificial organs.

[137]  I. Kestin,et al.  Movement of oral and nasal tracheal tubes as a result of changes in head and neck position , 1994, Anaesthesia.

[138]  R. Alexander.  Outcome and cost of open- and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric cardiac arrests , 1994 .

[139]  D. Zideman,et al.  European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2000 for Basic Paediatric Life Support. A statement from the Paediatric Life Support Working Group and approved by the Executive Committee of the European Resuscitation Council. , 2001, Resuscitation.

[140]  D. Tester,et al.  A mechanism for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): stress-induced leak via ryanodine receptors. , 2007, Heart rhythm.

[141]  N. Kissoon,et al.  Acid-base status of blood from intraosseous and mixed venous sites during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation and drug infusions. , 1999, Critical care medicine.

[142]  S. Majumdar,et al.  Randomized evaluation of fluid resuscitation with crystalloid (saline) and colloid (polymer from degraded gelatin in saline) in pediatric septic shock. , 2005, Indian pediatrics.

[143]  G. Fleisher,et al.  Comparison of external jugular and peripheral venous administration of sodium bicarbonate in puppies. , 1989, Critical care medicine.

[144]  Robyn Norton,et al.  Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[145]  E. Lichstein,et al.  Effects of atropine in patients with bradyarrhythmia complicating myocardial infarction. Usefulness of an optimum dose for overdrive. , 1977, The American journal of medicine.

[146]  Kiran B. Hebbar,et al.  The Use of a Modified Pediatric Early Warning Score to Assess Stability of Pediatric Patients During Transport , 2012, Pediatric emergency care.

[147]  J. Tibballs,et al.  Reduction of paediatric in-patient cardiac arrest and death with a medical emergency team: preliminary results , 2005, Archives of Disease in Childhood.

[148]  M. P. Poirier,et al.  Utility of monitoring capnography, pulse oximetry, and vital signs in the detection of airway mishaps: a hyperoxemic animal model. , 1998, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[149]  K. Theodoraki,et al.  Hemodynamic effects of combination therapy with inhaled nitric oxide and iloprost in patients with pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction after high-risk cardiac surgery. , 2013, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[150]  N. Iacovidou,et al.  Family presence during resuscitation and invasive procedures: physicians' and nurses' attitudes working in pediatric departments in Greece. , 2011, Resuscitation.

[151]  V. Barber,et al.  A comparison of the laryngeal mask airway with facemask and oropharyngeal airway for manual ventilation by critical care nurses in children * , 2007, Anaesthesia.

[152]  Jonathan C Craig,et al.  Biphasic and monophasic shocks for transthoracic defibrillation: a meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. , 2003, Resuscitation.

[153]  S. Sharar,et al.  Perioperative use of cuffed endotracheal tubes is advantageous in young pediatric burn patients. , 2010, Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries.

[154]  A. Redington,et al.  Negative-pressure ventilation improves cardiac output after right heart surgery. , 1996, Circulation.

[155]  E. Cook,et al.  Higher Survival Rates Among Younger Patients After Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Cardiac Arrests , 2006, Pediatrics.

[156]  Yimin Zhu,et al.  [Development and applications of pediatric early warning score]. , 2014, Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of pediatrics.

[157]  T. Sakamoto,et al.  Hyperthermia: is it an ominous sign after cardiac arrest? , 2001, Resuscitation.

[158]  Marlene R. Miller,et al.  Transition from a traditional code team to a medical emergency team and categorization of cardiopulmonary arrests in a children's center. , 2008, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[159]  R. Bellomo,et al.  Chloride-restrictive fluid administration and incidence of acute kidney injury--reply. , 2013, JAMA.

[160]  K. Maitland,et al.  Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[161]  James Stephen Krinsley,et al.  Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. , 2004, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[162]  A. Krahn,et al.  Sudden cardiac death in children and adolescents between 1 and 19 years of age. , 2014, Heart rhythm.

[163]  J. Zimmerman,et al.  Pediatric emergency intravenous access. Evaluation of a protocol. , 1986, American journal of diseases of children.

[164]  Matthew R Maltese,et al.  Hemodynamic Directed Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Improves Short-Term Survival From Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest* , 2013, Critical care medicine.

[165]  M. Beghetti,et al.  Comparison of hyperventilation and inhaled nitric oxide for pulmonary hypertension after repair of congenital heart disease , 2000, Critical care medicine.

[166]  Y. Arakaki,et al.  Circumstances and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in elementary and middle school students in the era of public-access defibrillation. , 2014, Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society.

[167]  Yan-Ren Lin,et al.  Predictors of survival and neurologic outcomes in children with traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the early postresuscitative period , 2013, The journal of trauma and acute care surgery.

[168]  A. Morgans,et al.  Drowning related out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: characteristics and outcomes. , 2013, Resuscitation.

[169]  L. Ronfani,et al.  Comparison of three sites to check the pulse and count heart rate in hypotensive infants , 2006, Paediatric anaesthesia.

[170]  M. Parr,et al.  Calcium administration during cardiac arrest: a systematic review , 2013, European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine.

[171]  D. Mant,et al.  Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: a systematic review of observational studies , 2011, The Lancet.

[172]  A. Zaritsky,et al.  Role of early fluid resuscitation in pediatric septic shock. , 1991, JAMA.

[173]  S. Megison,et al.  Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the pediatric trauma patient. , 2010, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[174]  M. Rotondo,et al.  Out-of-hospital rapid-sequence induction for intubation of the pediatric patient. , 1996, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[175]  J. Rose,et al.  Comparison of Cuffed and Uncuffed Endotracheal Tubes in Young Children during General Anesthesia , 1997, Anesthesiology.

[176]  K. Polderman,et al.  Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia induced by cooling in patients with severe head injury. , 2001, Journal of neurosurgery.

[177]  J. Menegazzi,et al.  A randomized, controlled trial of two-thumb vs two-finger chest compression in a swine infant model of cardiac arrest [see comment]. , 1997, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[178]  R. Berg,et al.  "Bystander" chest compressions and assisted ventilation independently improve outcome from piglet asphyxial pulseless "cardiac arrest". , 2000, Circulation.

[179]  J. Redding.  The choking controversy: critique of evidence on the Heimlich maneuver , 1979, Critical care medicine.

[180]  K. Olkkola,et al.  Paediatric cardiac arrest and resuscitation provided by physician‐staffed emergency care units , 1997, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[181]  U. Bauersfeld,et al.  Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone for incessant tachycardias in infants , 2003, European Journal of Pediatrics.

[182]  K. D. Young,et al.  Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a collective review. , 1999, Annals of emergency medicine.

[183]  D. Atkins,et al.  Pediatric defibrillation: current flow is improved by using "adult" electrode paddles. , 1994, Pediatrics.

[184]  Michael Holzer,et al.  Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest , 2002 .

[185]  A. Kalangos,et al.  Inhaled Nitric Oxide Versus Aerosolized Iloprost in Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension in Children With Congenital Heart Disease: Vasodilator Capacity and Cellular Mechanisms , 2001, Circulation.

[186]  M. Mhanna,et al.  The “air leak” test around the endotracheal tube, as a predictor of postextubation stridor, is age dependent in children , 2002, Critical care medicine.

[187]  C. Brosig,et al.  Systemic venous oxygen saturation after the Norwood procedure and childhood neurodevelopmental outcome. , 2005, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[188]  J. Mayer,et al.  Evaluation of a staged treatment protocol for rapid automatic junctional tachycardia after operation for congenital heart disease. , 1997, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[189]  G. Shirali,et al.  Incidence and outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with shunted single ventricle: advantage of right ventricle to pulmonary artery shunt. , 2006, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[190]  B. Fuhrman,et al.  Percutaneous femoral venous catheterizations: a prospective study of complications. , 1989, The Journal of pediatrics.

[191]  R. Furnival,et al.  The effect of family presence on the efficiency of pediatric trauma resuscitations. , 2009, Annals of emergency medicine.

[192]  M. Santini,et al.  Comparison of intravenously administered dofetilide versus amiodarone in the acute termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter. A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. , 2000, European heart journal.

[193]  C. Fahrenbruch,et al.  Out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children and adolescents: causes and outcomes. , 1995, Annals of emergency medicine.

[194]  F. Lemaire,et al.  Accuracy of pulse oximetry in the intensive care unit , 2001, Intensive Care Medicine.

[195]  C. Deakin,et al.  Do we hyperventilate cardiac arrest patients? , 2007, Resuscitation.

[196]  Tom P. Aufderheide,et al.  Hyperventilation-Induced Hypotension During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , 2004, Circulation.

[197]  A. Perron,et al.  P REDICTING S URVIVAL IN P EDIATRIC T RAUMA P ATIENTS R ECEIVING C ARDIOPULMONARY R ESUSCITATION IN THE P REHOSPITAL S ETTING , 2001, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[198]  S. Venkataraman,et al.  Percutaneous infraclavicular subclavian vein catheterization in critically ill infants and children. , 1988, The Journal of pediatrics.

[199]  Gavin D Perkins,et al.  European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 11. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. , 2015, Resuscitation.

[200]  S. Qian,et al.  The epidemiology and resuscitation effects of cardiopulmonary arrest among hospitalized children and adolescents in Beijing: an observational study. , 2013, Resuscitation.

[201]  P. Kudenchuk,et al.  Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium-Amiodarone, Lidocaine or Placebo Study (ROC-ALPS): Rationale and methodology behind an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest antiarrhythmic drug trial. , 2014, American heart journal.

[202]  J. Farrar,et al.  Acute management of dengue shock syndrome: a randomized double-blind comparison of 4 intravenous fluid regimens in the first hour. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[203]  C. Haffajee,et al.  Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous amiodarone (in a new aqueous formulation) for incessant ventricular tachycardia. , 2002, The American journal of cardiology.

[204]  T. Spray,et al.  Postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia in children: incidence, risk factors, and treatment. , 2002, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[205]  N. Mann,et al.  Assessment of chest pain onset and out-of-hospital delay using standardized interview questions: the REACT Pilot Study. Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) Study Group. , 1998, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[206]  L. Jefferson,et al.  Family experiences during resuscitation at a children's hospital emergency department. , 2007, Journal of pediatric health care : official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners.

[207]  S. Trzeciak,et al.  Association Between Postresuscitation Partial Pressure of Arterial Carbon Dioxide and Neurological Outcome in Patients With Post–Cardiac Arrest Syndrome , 2013, Circulation.

[208]  G. Bar-Joseph.  Effectiveness and long-term outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric intensive care units in Spain. , 2007, Resuscitation.

[209]  W. Dick,et al.  Carbon dioxide levels during pre-hospital active compression--decompression versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 1998, Resuscitation.

[210]  J. Neufeld,et al.  Comparison of intraosseous, central, and peripheral routes of crystalloid infusion for resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in a swine model. , 1993, Journal of Trauma.

[211]  J. Saul,et al.  The Pharmacokinetics of Esmolol in Pediatric Subjects with Supraventricular Arrhythmias , 2006, Pediatric Cardiology.

[212]  P. Fontanarosa,et al.  A comparative study of peripheral to central circulation delivery times between intraosseous and intravenous injection using a radionuclide technique in normovolemic and hypovolemic canines. , 1989, The Journal of emergency medicine.

[213]  G. Ong,et al.  Physiologically-guided Balanced Resuscitation: An Evidence-based Approach for Acute Fluid Management in Paediatric Major Trauma. , 2014, Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore.

[214]  C. Parshuram,et al.  Implementation of a Multicenter Rapid Response System in Pediatric Academic Hospitals Is Effective , 2011, Pediatrics.

[215]  J. Tibballs,et al.  Reduction of hospital mortality and of preventable cardiac arrest and death on introduction of a pediatric medical emergency team* , 2009, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[216]  S. Tibby,et al.  Relationship Between Arterial Partial Oxygen Pressure After Resuscitation From Cardiac Arrest and Mortality in Children , 2012, Circulation.

[217]  S. Chugh,et al.  Postmortem molecular screening in unexplained sudden death. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[218]  Renda Soylemez Wiener,et al.  Ill Adults: A Meta-analysis Benefits and Risks of Tight Glucose Control in Critically , 2010 .

[219]  F. Carnevale,et al.  Should I stay or should I go? Parental struggles when witnessing resuscitative measures on another child in the pediatric intensive care unit* , 2012, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[220]  Deborah Franzon,et al.  Improving Code Team Performance and Survival Outcomes: Implementation of Pediatric Resuscitation Team Training* , 2014, Critical care medicine.

[221]  R. Kerber,et al.  Pediatric transthoracic defibrillation: biphasic versus monophasic waveforms in an experimental model. , 2001, Resuscitation.

[222]  P. Kudenchuk,et al.  Automated external defibrillators: to what extent does the algorithm delay CPR? , 2005, Annals of emergency medicine.

[223]  F. Mosca,et al.  Hypothermia Reduces Neurological Damage in Asphyxiated Newborn Infants , 2002, Neonatology.

[224]  H. Moll,et al.  Validity of Different Pediatric Early Warning Scores in the Emergency Department , 2013, Pediatrics.

[225]  S. Weingart,et al.  The quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation using supraglottic airways and intraosseous devices: a simulation trial. , 2013, Resuscitation.

[226]  S. Do,et al.  The laryngeal mask airway in infants and children , 2001, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[227]  I. Stiell,et al.  Do advanced cardiac life support drugs increase resuscitation rates from in-hospital cardiac arrest? The OTAC Study Group. , 1998, Annals of emergency medicine.

[228]  K. Maitland,et al.  Exploring mechanisms of excess mortality with early fluid resuscitation: insights from the FEAST trial , 2013, BMC Medicine.

[229]  M. Weil,et al.  End-tidal carbon dioxide concentration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 1988, The New England journal of medicine.

[230]  Matthew R Maltese,et al.  Hemodynamic directed CPR improves short-term survival from asphyxia-associated cardiac arrest. , 2013, Resuscitation.

[231]  D. Zideman,et al.  European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2000 for Newly Born Life Support. A statement from the Paediatric Life Support Working Group and approved by the Executive Committee of the European Resuscitation Council. , 2001, Resuscitation.

[232]  E. Martin,et al.  Comparison of two intraosseous infusion systems for adult emergency medical use. , 2008, Resuscitation.

[233]  J. Haukoos,et al.  Emergent pediatric thoracotomy following traumatic arrest. , 2012, Resuscitation.

[234]  S. Hunziker,et al.  ABC versus CAB for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective, randomized simulator-based trial. , 2013, Swiss medical weekly.

[235]  C. Sprung,et al.  Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock, 2012 , 2013, Intensive Care Medicine.

[236]  W. D. Rose,et al.  Analysis of intubations. Before and after establishment of a rapid sequence intubation protocol for air medical use. , 1994, Air medical journal.

[237]  M. Peters,et al.  The Effect of Atropine on Rhythm and Conduction Disturbances During 322 Critical Care Intubations* , 2013, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[238]  B. McCrindle,et al.  Pediatric in-intensive-care-unit cardiac arrest: Incidence, survival, and predictive factors* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[239]  R. Berg,et al.  Brain Resuscitation in the Drowning Victim , 2012, Neurocritical Care.

[240]  B. Bistrian,et al.  Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[241]  C. Hanson,et al.  Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Foote Hospital emergency department's nine-year perspective. , 1992, Journal of emergency nursing: JEN : official publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association.

[242]  A. Feuillu,et al.  Evidence for the need of bedside accuracy of pulse oximetry in an intensive care unit , 2000, Critical care medicine.

[243]  C. Barton,et al.  Effect of epinephrine on the ability of end‐tidal carbon dioxide readings to predict initial resuscitation from cardiac arrest , 1992, Critical care medicine.

[244]  M. Hofbauer,et al.  Retrospective analysis of emergency room thoracotomy in pediatric severe trauma patients. , 2011, Resuscitation.

[245]  P. Dreyfus,et al.  Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[246]  P. Steen,et al.  Effectiveness of ventilation-compression ratios 1:5 and 2:15 in simulated single rescuer paediatric resuscitation. , 2002, Resuscitation.

[247]  M. Karck,et al.  Comparison of inhaled nitric oxide with aerosolized iloprost for treatment of pulmonary hypertension in children after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery , 2011, Clinical Research in Cardiology.

[248]  B. Baxter,et al.  Emergency Department Thoracotomy In Children: A Critical Analysis , 1990 .

[249]  J. Menegazzi,et al.  Two-thumb versus two-finger chest compression during CRP in a swine infant model of cardiac arrest. , 1993, Annals of emergency medicine.

[250]  V. Nadkarni,et al.  Multicenter cohort study of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest* , 2011, Critical care medicine.

[251]  M. Hazinski,et al.  Use of automated external defibrillators for children: an update: an advisory statement from the pediatric advanced life support task force, International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. , 2003, Circulation.

[252]  J. Jacobs,et al.  Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit , 2000, Critical care medicine.

[253]  A. Vardi,et al.  Beneficial effects of terlipressin in prolonged pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A case series , 2007, Critical care medicine.

[254]  A. Saleem,et al.  Experience of pediatric rapid response team in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan , 2010, Indian journal of pediatrics.

[255]  D. Benditt,et al.  Periodic procainamide for paroxysmal tachycardia. , 1985, Circulation.

[256]  A. Keren,et al.  Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. , 1988, Circulation.

[257]  Michael J Ackerman,et al.  Novel mechanism for sudden infant death syndrome: persistent late sodium current secondary to mutations in caveolin-3. , 2007, Heart rhythm.

[258]  B. McNally,et al.  Demographics, bystander CPR, and AED use in out-of-hospital pediatric arrests. , 2014, Resuscitation.

[259]  R. Berg,et al.  Association of Left Ventricular Systolic Function and Vasopressor Support With Survival Following Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest* , 2015, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[260]  S. Murki,et al.  A randomized controlled trial of sodium bicarbonate in neonatal resuscitation-effect on immediate outcome. , 2004, Resuscitation.

[261]  I. Maconochie,et al.  Prehospital paediatric emergency care: paediatric triage , 2009, Emergency Medicine Journal.

[262]  T. Welte,et al.  Bridge to Thoracic Organ Transplantation in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Using a Pumpless Lung Assist Device , 2009, American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

[263]  J. González-Juanatey,et al.  [Hemodynamic effects of levosimendan compared with dobutamine in patients with low cardiac output after cardiac surgery]. , 2006, Revista espanola de cardiologia.

[264]  M. Holzer,et al.  Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. , 2001, Archives of internal medicine.

[265]  R. Berg,et al.  Post-resuscitation right ventricular dysfunction: delineation and treatment with dobutamine. , 2002, Resuscitation.

[266]  B. Markovitz,et al.  A Multicenter Collaborative Approach to Reducing Pediatric Codes Outside the ICU , 2012, Pediatrics.

[267]  William Oh,et al.  Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[268]  T. Aufderheide,et al.  Death by hyperventilation: A common and life-threatening problem during cardiopulmonary resuscitation , 2004, Critical care medicine.

[269]  Vinay Nadkarni,et al.  Optimizing chest compression to rescue ventilation ratios during one-rescuer CPR by professionals and lay persons: children are not just little adults. , 2004, Resuscitation.

[270]  Heribert Schunkert,et al.  Left-ventricular dysfunction , 1998, The Lancet.

[271]  G Bertazzoni,et al.  Comparison of times of intervention during pediatric CPR maneuvers using ABC and CAB sequences: a randomized trial. , 2012, Resuscitation.

[272]  R. Swor,et al.  Emergency medical service providers' experience with family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 2006, Resuscitation.

[273]  Heather Duncan,et al.  The Pediatric Early Warning System score: a severity of illness score to predict urgent medical need in hospitalized children. , 2006, Journal of critical care.

[274]  M. Mclellan,et al.  The Cardiac Children's Hospital Early Warning Score (C-CHEWS). , 2013, Journal of pediatric nursing.

[275]  Kerri Holzhauser,et al.  Family presence during resuscitation: A randomised controlled trial of the impact of family presence , 2006 .

[276]  R. Grieve,et al.  A randomized trial of hyperglycemic control in pediatric intensive care. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[277]  Lori Vinson,et al.  Effects of family presence during resuscitation and invasive procedures in a pediatric emergency department. , 2006, Journal of emergency nursing: JEN : official publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association.

[278]  J. Marx,et al.  Rapid-sequence intubation at an emergency medicine residency: success rate and adverse events during a two-year period. , 1999, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[279]  U. Pandee,et al.  Validation of pediatric early warning score in pediatric emergency department , 2015, Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society.

[280]  K. Monsieurs,et al.  Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 ection 10 . Education and implementation of resuscitation , 2015 .

[281]  J. Triedman,et al.  Pediatric use of intravenous amiodarone: efficacy and safety in critically ill patients from a multicenter protocol. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[282]  R. Berg,et al.  Outcomes of in-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[283]  G. Browne,et al.  Primary Cardiac Arrest Following Sport or Exertion in Children Presenting to an Emergency Department: Chest Compressions and Early Defibrillation Can Save Lives, But Is Intravenous Epinephrine Always Appropriate? , 2012, Pediatric emergency care.

[284]  R. Trawöger,et al.  Intraosseous lines in preterm and full term neonates , 1999, Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition.

[285]  K. D. de Vooght,et al.  Analysis of bloodgas, electrolytes and glucose from intraosseous samples using an i-STAT(®) point-of-care analyser. , 2014, Resuscitation.

[286]  W. Benitz.  Whole-Body Hypothermia for Neonates With Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy , 2006 .

[287]  M. Pasquier,et al.  EZ-IO(®) intraosseous device implementation in a pre-hospital emergency service: A prospective study and review of the literature. , 2013, Resuscitation.

[288]  R. Lavery,et al.  Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation in the prehospital setting. , 2001, Resuscitation.

[289]  A. Clark,et al.  Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation. , 2000, The Journal of trauma.

[290]  R. Berg,et al.  Out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: an epidemiologic review and assessment of current knowledge. , 2005, Annals of emergency medicine.

[291]  A. Rodríguez-Núñez,et al.  Pediatric defibrillation after cardiac arrest: initial response and outcome , 2006, Critical care.

[292]  M. Weiss,et al.  Semi‐elective intraosseous infusion after failed intravenous access in pediatric anesthesia 1 , 2010, Paediatric anaesthesia.

[293]  L. P. Tham,et al.  Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: epidemiology and outcome. , 2005, Singapore medical journal.

[294]  G. Kramer,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of intraosseous and central venous drug delivery during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 2012, Resuscitation.

[295]  K. Oman,et al.  Attitudes toward and beliefs about family presence: a survey of healthcare providers, patients' families, and patients. , 2007, American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses.

[296]  Patricia J. Solomon,et al.  Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the intensive care unit , 2004, Intensive Care Medicine.

[297]  J. Carcillo,et al.  Clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal patients in septic shock* , 2002, Critical care medicine.

[298]  D. Pedley,et al.  The PAWS score: validation of an early warning scoring system for the initial assessment of children in the emergency department , 2008, Emergency Medicine Journal.

[299]  R. Berg,et al.  Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning among children and adults from the Utstein Osaka Project. , 2013, Resuscitation.

[300]  K. Kinoshita,et al.  Reduced effectiveness of vasopressin in repeated doses for patients undergoing prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[301]  L. Wiklund,et al.  Hemodynamic effects of epinephrine in combination with different alkaline buffers during experimental, open‐chest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation , 1993, Critical care medicine.

[302]  William Oh,et al.  Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. , 2005 .

[303]  J. Alexander,et al.  Typing and screening of blood from intraosseous access. , 1992, Annals of emergency medicine.

[304]  T. Raymond,et al.  Sodium bicarbonate use during in-hospital pediatric pulseless cardiac arrest - a report from the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines(®)-Resuscitation. , 2015, Resuscitation.

[305]  C. Parshuram,et al.  Hypothermia Therapy After Pediatric Cardiac Arrest , 2009, Circulation.

[306]  J. Benger,et al.  Automatic external defibrillation in a 6 year old , 2005, Archives of Disease in Childhood.

[307]  M. Bell,et al.  Hyperoxia and Hypoxia in Children Resuscitated From Cardiac Arrest , 2013, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[308]  N. Makita,et al.  Cardiac Ion Channel Gene Mutations in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome , 2008, Pediatric Research.

[309]  R. Brilli,et al.  Implementation of a medical emergency team in a large pediatric teaching hospital prevents respiratory and cardiopulmonary arrests outside the intensive care unit* , 2007, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[310]  S. Bernard,et al.  Induced hypothermia using large volume, ice-cold intravenous fluid in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a preliminary report. , 2003, Resuscitation.

[311]  R. Berg,et al.  A prospective investigation into the epidemiology of in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation using the international Utstein reporting style. , 2002, Pediatrics.

[312]  O. Ma,et al.  Intubation success rates improve for an air medical program after implementing the use of neuromuscular blocking agents. , 1998, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[313]  N. Kissoon,et al.  Comparison of pH and carbon dioxide tension values of central venous and intraosseous blood during changes in cardiac output , 1994, Critical care medicine.

[314]  A. Gunn,et al.  Treatment of Term Infants With Head Cooling and Mild Systemic Hypothermia (35.0°C and 34.5°C) After Perinatal Asphyxia , 2003 .

[315]  J. Granton,et al.  Science Review: Vasopressin and the cardiovascular system part 1 – receptor physiology , 2003, Critical care.

[316]  K. Kern,et al.  Management of postcardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction , 2011, Current opinion in critical care.

[317]  S J Stratton,et al.  Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial. , 2000, JAMA.

[318]  Jeffrey S. Desmond,et al.  Provider experience and attitudes toward family presence during resuscitation procedures. , 2007, Journal of palliative medicine.

[319]  Karen M. Tucker,et al.  Prospective evaluation of a pediatric inpatient early warning scoring system. , 2009, Journal for specialists in pediatric nursing : JSPN.

[320]  Bramahn . Singh.  Amiodarone compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation , 2002, Current cardiology reports.

[321]  R. Swor,et al.  Derivation of Clinical Predictors of Failed Rescue Shock During Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation , 2008, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[322]  S. Balaji,et al.  Cardiovascular collapse during amiodarone infusion in a hemodynamically compromised child with refractory supraventricular tachycardia , 2015, Annals of pediatric cardiology.

[323]  J. Orlowski,et al.  The safety of intraosseous infusions: risks of fat and bone marrow emboli to the lungs. , 1988, Annals of emergency medicine.

[324]  D. Carroll.  The Effect of Intensive Care Unit Environments on Nurse Perceptions of Family Presence During Resuscitation and Invasive Procedures , 2014, Dimensions of critical care nursing : DCCN.

[325]  Jesse B. Hall,et al.  A Comparison of Initial Monotherapy with Norepinephrine Versus Vasopressin for Resuscitation in Septic Shock , 2013, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[326]  Renee' Roberts-Turner,et al.  Implementing and Sustaining Evidence-Based Nursing Practice to Reduce Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Arrest , 2011, Western journal of nursing research.

[327]  A. Rodríguez-Núñez,et al.  Outcome of Out-of-Hospital Cardiorespiratory Arrest in Children , 2005, Pediatric emergency care.

[328]  D. Tester,et al.  Targeted mutational analysis of the RyR2-encoded cardiac ryanodine receptor in sudden unexplained death: a molecular autopsy of 49 medical examiner/coroner's cases. , 2004, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[329]  M. Finkelstein,et al.  Implementation and impact of a rapid response team in a children's hospital. , 2007, Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety.

[330]  Cuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric intensive care. , 1994, The Journal of pediatrics.

[331]  K. H. Andersen,et al.  Oesophageal intubation can be undetected by auscultation of the chest , 1994, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[332]  M. Gausche-Hill,et al.  Universally Poor Outcomes of Pediatric Traumatic Arrest: A Prospective Case Series and Review of the Literature , 2011, Pediatric emergency care.

[333]  A. Handley,et al.  European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 9. First aid , 2015 .

[334]  D. R. Hampton,et al.  Specificity and sensitivity of automated external defibrillator rhythm analysis in infants and children. , 2003, Annals of emergency medicine.

[335]  Jesús López-Herce,et al.  Factors associated with mortality in pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective multicenter multinational observational study , 2013, Intensive Care Medicine.

[336]  K. Toker,et al.  The LMA-Supreme versus the I-gel in simulated difficult airway in children: A randomised study , 2014, European journal of anaesthesiology.

[337]  P. White,et al.  Comparison of Transesophageal Atrial Pacing with Anticholinergic Drugs for the Treatment of Intraoperative Bradycardia , 1994, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[338]  J. Jude,et al.  Closed-chest cardiac massage in the newborn infant. , 1963, JAMA.

[339]  V. Morell,et al.  Dexmedetomidine: A Novel Drug for the Treatment of Atrial and Junctional Tachyarrhythmias During the Perioperative Period for Congenital Cardiac Surgery: A Preliminary Study , 2008, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[340]  J. Stockman,et al.  Effect of a Rapid Response Team on Hospital-wide Mortality and Code Rates Outside the ICU in a Children's Hospital , 2009 .

[341]  R. Freedom,et al.  Clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous Amiodarone in infants and children. , 1994, The American journal of cardiology.

[342]  W. Dick,et al.  Checking the carotid pulse check: diagnostic accuracy of first responders in patients with and without a pulse. , 1996, Resuscitation.

[343]  B. Gance-Cleveland,et al.  With you until the end: family presence during failed resuscitation. , 2005, Journal for specialists in pediatric nursing : JSPN.

[344]  G. Arpesella,et al.  Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for primary allograft failure. , 2008, Transplantation proceedings.

[345]  J. Carcillo.  Pediatric septic shock and multiple organ failure. , 2003, Critical care clinics.

[346]  Susan R. Wilcox,et al.  Massive transfusion in traumatic shock. , 2013, The Journal of emergency medicine.

[347]  M. Scanlon,et al.  Near-infrared spectroscopy in neonates before palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. , 2009, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[348]  R. Berg,et al.  Conventional and chest-compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders for children who have out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study , 2010, The Lancet.

[349]  J. Bache.  European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation , 1998 .

[350]  E. Gilat,et al.  Efficacy of the bone injection gun in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning , 2007, Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition.

[351]  T. Wieloch,et al.  Diminished neuronal damage in the rat brain by late treatment with the antipyretic drug dipyrone or cooling following cerebral ischemia , 1996, Acta Neuropathologica.

[352]  P. Kochanek,et al.  Hypothermia and Hyperthermia in Children After Resuscitation From Cardiac Arrest , 2000, Pediatrics.

[353]  J. Tibballs,et al.  External and internal biphasic direct current shock doses for pediatric ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia* , 2011, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[354]  Matthew W State,et al.  A common cardiac sodium channel variant associated with sudden infant death in African Americans, SCN5A S1103Y. , 2006, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[355]  A. Aitkenhead,et al.  COMPARISON OF ENDOTRACHEAL AND PERIPHERAL INTRAVENOUS ADRENALINE IN CARDIAC ARREST Is the Endotracheal Route Reliable? , 1987, The Lancet.

[356]  T. Aufderheide,et al.  The efficacy of atropine in the treatment of hemodynamically unstable bradycardia and atrioventricular block: prehospital and emergency department considerations. , 1999, Resuscitation.

[357]  D. Cohen,et al.  Evaluating the Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) system for admitted patients in the pediatric emergency department. , 2014, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[358]  N. Morimura,et al.  A comparison of five techniques for detecting cardiac activity in infants , 2003, Paediatric anaesthesia.

[359]  C. Goldberg,et al.  Postoperative hemodynamics after Norwood palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. , 2001, The American journal of cardiology.

[360]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[361]  J. Paraskos.  Cardiovascular pharmacology. III: Atropine, calcium, calcium blockers, and beta-blockers. , 1986, Circulation.

[362]  J. Avery.  Critical review. , 2006, The Journal of the Arkansas Medical Society.

[363]  C. Guzzetta,et al.  Opening the doors: family presence during resuscitation. , 1996, The Journal of cardiovascular nursing.

[364]  R. Berg,et al.  Outcomes associated with amiodarone and lidocaine in the treatment of in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest with pulseless ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. , 2014, Resuscitation.

[365]  C. Peek,et al.  Effect of immediate resuscitation on children with submersion injury. , 1994, Pediatrics.

[366]  J. A. Gonzalez del Rey,et al.  Evaluation of an Ambu-bag valve with a self-contained, colorimetric end-tidal CO2 system in the detection of airway mishaps: An animal trial , 2000, Pediatric emergency care.

[367]  Y. Michotte,et al.  Mild hypothermia induced by a helmet device: a clinical feasibility study. , 2001, Resuscitation.

[368]  J. Tibballs,et al.  The influence of time on the accuracy of healthcare personnel to diagnose paediatric cardiac arrest by pulse palpation. , 2010, Resuscitation.

[369]  R. Wears,et al.  Length-based endotracheal tube and emergency equipment in pediatrics. , 1992, Annals of emergency medicine.

[370]  R. Kuhn,et al.  Pharmacologic Management of Supraventricular Tachycardias in Children. Part 2: Atrial Flutter, Atrial Fibrillation, and Junctional and Atrial Ectopic Tachycardia , 1997, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[371]  M. Weiss,et al.  Evaluation of a new recommendation for improved cuffed tracheal tube size selection in infants and small children , 2006, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[372]  C. Parshuram,et al.  Development and initial validation of the Bedside Paediatric Early Warning System score , 2009, Critical care.

[373]  D. Atkins,et al.  Part 6: Pediatric basic life support and pediatric advanced life support: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. , 2015, Resuscitation.

[374]  J. Drewe,et al.  Are laboratory values in bone marrow aspirate predictable for venous blood in paediatric patients? , 1994, Resuscitation.

[375]  R. Wetzel,et al.  Epidemiology and outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest in critically ill children across hospitals of varied center volume: a multi-center analysis. , 2014, Resuscitation.

[376]  S. Steen,et al.  The effects of epinephrine/norepinephrine on end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, coronary perfusion pressure and pulmonary arterial blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 2000, Resuscitation.

[377]  M. Laks,et al.  The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: pharmacologic effects of procaine amide. , 1975, American heart journal.

[378]  R. Berg,et al.  Early Postresuscitation Hypotension Is Associated With Increased Mortality Following Pediatric Cardiac Arrest* , 2014, Critical care medicine.

[379]  J. Losek.  Hypoglycemia and the ABC'S (sugar) of pediatric resuscitation. , 1999, Annals of emergency medicine.

[380]  R. Gazmuri,et al.  Clinically plausible hyperventilation does not exert adverse hemodynamic effects during CPR but markedly reduces end-tidal PCO₂. , 2012, Resuscitation.

[381]  R. Frascone,et al.  P REHOSPITAL R APID-SEQUENCE I NTUBATION : A P ILOT T RAINING P ROGRAM , 2003, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[382]  N. M. Dung,et al.  Fluid replacement in dengue shock syndrome: a randomized, double-blind comparison of four intravenous-fluid regimens. , 1999, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[383]  M. J. Goldman,et al.  A prospective, population-based study of the demographics, epidemiology, management, and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. , 1999, Annals of emergency medicine.

[384]  S. Russo,et al.  Characteristics and outcome of prehospital paediatric tracheal intubation attended by anaesthesia-trained emergency physicians. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[385]  J. Ornato,et al.  Multicenter study of a portable, hand-size, colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detection device. , 1992, Annals of emergency medicine.

[386]  E. Hess,et al.  Epinephrine in anaphylaxis: higher risk of cardiovascular complications and overdose after administration of intravenous bolus epinephrine compared with intramuscular epinephrine. , 2015, The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice.

[387]  M. Holzer,et al.  Strict normoglycaemic blood glucose levels in the therapeutic management of patients within 12h after cardiac arrest might not be necessary. , 2008, Resuscitation.

[388]  F. Martinón-Torres,et al.  Terlipressin for catecholamine-resistant septic shock in children , 2004, Intensive Care Medicine.

[389]  M. Roback,et al.  Pediatric Rapid Sequence Intubation: Incidence of Reflex Bradycardia and Effects of Pretreatment With Atropine , 2004, Pediatric emergency care.

[390]  S. Marsch,et al.  Influence of dobutamine on the variables of systemic haemodynamics, metabolism, and intestinal perfusion after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the rat. , 2005, Resuscitation.

[391]  A. Garson,et al.  The electrophysiologic effects of procainamide in the immature heart. , 1982, Pediatric pharmacology.

[392]  S. Yoshimura,et al.  Effects of four antiarrhythmic drugs on the induction and termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. , 1986, Japanese circulation journal.

[393]  Nicholas J White,et al.  Comparison of three fluid solutions for resuscitation in dengue shock syndrome. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[394]  J. Ornato,et al.  Dose-dependent vasopressor response to epinephrine during CPR in human beings. , 1989, Annals of emergency medicine.

[395]  A. Hart,et al.  A prospective, randomised and blinded comparison of first shock success of monophasic and biphasic waveforms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2003, Resuscitation.

[396]  C. Newth,et al.  The use of cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric intensive care. , 2004, The Journal of pediatrics.

[397]  G. Pearson,et al.  Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and the treatment of critical pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart disease. , 1995, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[398]  Vinay Nadkarni,et al.  Multicenter cohort study of in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest* , 2009, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[399]  G. Miccinesi,et al.  Parental presence and visiting policies in Italian pediatric intensive care units: A national survey* , 2011, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[400]  J. Towbin,et al.  Postmortem molecular analysis of SCN5A defects in sudden infant death syndrome. , 2001, JAMA.

[401]  M. Bhende,et al.  End-tidal carbon dioxide changes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation after experimental asphyxial cardiac arrest. , 1996, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[402]  Karen J O'Connell,et al.  Family Presence During Pediatric Trauma Team Activation: An Assessment of a Structured Program , 2007, Pediatrics.

[403]  J. Gravenstein,et al.  Effects of atropine on the electrocardiogram in different age groups , 1971, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[404]  C. Kirchhoff,et al.  Comparison of intraosseous versus central venous vascular access in adults under resuscitation in the emergency department with inaccessible peripheral veins. , 2012, Resuscitation.

[405]  S. Stewart-Brown,et al.  Will changing the emphasis from 'pulseless' to 'no signs of circulation' improve the recall scores for effective life support skills in children? , 2002, Resuscitation.

[406]  J. Tibballs,et al.  A prospective study of outcome of in-patient paediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. , 2006, Resuscitation.

[407]  Wanchun Tang,et al.  Myocardial injury in children following resuscitation after cardiac arrest. , 2003, Resuscitation.

[408]  J. Soar,et al.  Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation , 2015 .

[409]  M. Copass,et al.  Intravenous glucose after out‐of‐hospital cardiopulmonary arrest , 1993, Neurology.

[410]  R. Berg,et al.  Epidemiology of Out-of Hospital Pediatric Cardiac Arrest due to Trauma , 2012, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[411]  S. S. McAlvin,et al.  Family presence during resuscitation and invasive procedures in pediatric critical care: a systematic review. , 2014, American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses.

[412]  Diane Brown.  Out-of-hospital transcutaneous pacing by emergency medical technicians in patients with asystolic cardiac arrest , 1993 .

[413]  H. Ford,et al.  Survival of pediatric blunt trauma patients presenting with no signs of life in the field , 2014, The journal of trauma and acute care surgery.

[414]  R. Berg,et al.  Vasopressin for in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: Results from the American Heart Association National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* , 2009, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine.

[415]  Carole L Cooper,et al.  Comparison of three acute care pediatric early warning scoring tools. , 2013, Journal of pediatric nursing.

[416]  M. Hazinski,et al.  Outcome of cardiovascular collapse in pediatric blunt trauma. , 1994, Annals of emergency medicine.

[417]  M. Curley,et al.  Parent Presence During Complex Invasive Procedures and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Systematic Review of the Literature , 2007, Pediatrics.

[418]  David E. Snyder,et al.  Energy attenuator for pediatric application of an automated external defibrillator , 2002, Critical care medicine.

[419]  E. Lobato,et al.  Effects of milrinone versus epinephrine on left ventricular relaxation after cardiopulmonary bypass following myocardial revascularization: assessment by color m-mode and tissue Doppler. , 2005, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[420]  T. Delhaas,et al.  Sudden unexpected death in children with a previously diagnosed cardiovascular disorder. , 2004, International journal of cardiology.

[421]  H. Bundgaard,et al.  Sudden cardiac death in children (1-18 years): symptoms and causes of death in a nationwide setting. , 2014, European Heart Journal.

[422]  Stephen Daniel,et al.  Intensive insulin therapy and mortality in critically ill patients , 2008, Critical care.

[423]  P. Cameron,et al.  Paediatric traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia. , 2012, Resuscitation.

[424]  Karen Smith,et al.  Treatment of Comatose Survivors of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest With Induced Hypothermia , 2003 .

[425]  W. Williams,et al.  Sudden unexpected death in children with heart disease. , 2006, Congenital heart disease.

[426]  C. Chi,et al.  Verapamil sensitive idiopathic ventricular tachycardia in an infant. , 2003, Japanese heart journal.

[427]  Stephen J. Miller,et al.  Intraosseous Vascular Access is Safe, Effective and Costs less than Central Venous Catheters for Patients in the Hospital Setting , 2013, The journal of vascular access.

[428]  J. Catineau,et al.  Basic cardiac life support providers checking the carotid pulse: performance, degree of conviction, and influencing factors. , 2004, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[429]  A. Rodríguez-Núñez,et al.  Characteristics and outcome of cardiorespiratory arrest in children. , 2004, Resuscitation.

[430]  M. Curley,et al.  Parent presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation: evaluating a clinical practice change. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[431]  A. Dietrich,et al.  Pediatric patients requiring CPR in the prehospital setting. , 1995, Annals of emergency medicine.

[432]  M. Singh,et al.  The intraosseous route is a suitable alternative to intravenous route for fluid resuscitation in severely dehydrated children. , 1994, Indian pediatrics.

[433]  M Schetz,et al.  Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[434]  A. Slonim,et al.  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric intensive care units. , 1997, Critical care medicine.

[435]  Munhyang Lee,et al.  Effects of fasting and insulin-induced hypoglycemia on brain cell membrane function and energy metabolism during hypoxia–ischemia in newborn piglets , 1999, Brain Research.

[436]  M. Silka,et al.  Amiodarone Versus Procainamide for the Acute Treatment of Recurrent Supraventricular Tachycardia in Pediatric Patients , 2010, Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology.

[437]  J. Ornato,et al.  First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. , 2006, JAMA.

[438]  E. Rimm,et al.  Cardiac Sodium Channel Gene Variants and Sudden Cardiac Death in Women , 2008, Circulation.

[439]  A. Rodríguez-Núñez,et al.  Pediatric cardiac arrest refractory to advanced life support: Is there a role for terlipressin? , 2010, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[440]  I Turner,et al.  Does the compression to ventilation ratio affect the quality of CPR: a simulation study. , 2002, Resuscitation.

[441]  A. Cariou,et al.  Management of postcardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction , 2013, Current opinion in critical care.

[442]  Daniele Trevisanuto,et al.  European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 7. Resuscitation and support of transition of babies at birth. , 2015, Resuscitation.

[443]  H. Keenan,et al.  Comparison of Severity of Illness Scores to Physician Clinical Judgment for Potential Use in Pediatric Critical Care Triage , 2012, Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness.

[444]  V. Novack,et al.  The administration of dextrose during in-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with increased mortality and neurologic morbidity , 2015, Critical Care.

[445]  Richard C. Nova,et al.  Attenuated adult biphasic shocks compared with weight-based monophasic shocks in a swine model of prolonged pediatric ventricular fibrillation. , 2004, Resuscitation.

[446]  T. Evans,et al.  Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. , 2004, JAMA.

[447]  S. Kelsey,et al.  Improved resuscitation outcome in emergency medical systems with increased usage of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation , 2005, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[448]  C. Powell,et al.  Prospective cohort study to test the predictability of the Cardiff and Vale paediatric early warning system , 2008, Archives of Disease in Childhood.

[449]  S. Radhakrishnan,et al.  Hypocalcemic cardiomyopathy presenting as cardiogenic shock , 2011, Annals of pediatric cardiology.

[450]  A. Divekar,et al.  Successful Parental Use of an Automated External Defibrillator for an Infant With Long-QT Syndrome , 2006, Pediatrics.

[451]  J Engdahl,et al.  Characteristics and outcome among children suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden. , 2005, Resuscitation.

[452]  T. Rea,et al.  Increasing Use of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation During Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation Arrest: Survival Implications of Guideline Changes , 2006, Circulation.

[453]  T. S. Willis,et al.  A reduction in cardiac arrests and duration of clinical instability after implementation of a paediatric rapid response system , 2009, Quality and Safety in Health Care.

[454]  T. Brogan,et al.  Outcome and cost of open- and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric cardiac arrests. , 1994, Pediatrics.

[455]  R. Berg,et al.  Simulated mouth-to-mouth ventilation and chest compressions (bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation) improves outcome in a swine model of prehospital pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest. , 1999, Critical care medicine.

[456]  M. Gordon,et al.  The Texas Children's Hospital Pediatric Advanced Warning Score as a predictor of clinical deterioration in hospitalized infants and children: a modification of the PEWS tool. , 2013, Journal of pediatric nursing.

[457]  L. Køber,et al.  Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in children and adolescents: incidences, outcomes, and household socioeconomic status. , 2015, Resuscitation.

[458]  M. Hazinski,et al.  Part 10: Paediatric basic and advanced life support: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. , 2010, Resuscitation.

[459]  W. Brunow de Carvalho,et al.  Ionized hypocalcemia is an early event and is associated with organ dysfunction in children admitted to the intensive care unit. , 2013, Journal of critical care.

[460]  P. Middleton,et al.  A comparison of survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Sydney, Australia, between 2004-2005 and 2009-2010. , 2013, Critical care and resuscitation : journal of the Australasian Academy of Critical Care Medicine.

[461]  R. Berg,et al.  Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: the "Utstein style". , 2003, Circulation.

[462]  J. Engdahl,et al.  Characteristics and outcome among patients suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest of non-cardiac aetiology. , 2003, Resuscitation.

[463]  M. Ong,et al.  An observational, prospective study comparing tibial and humeral intraosseous access using the EZ-IO. , 2009, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[464]  Ognjen Gajic,et al.  Fluid Overload in Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Treated With Early Goal-Directed Therapy Is Associated With Increased Acute Need for Fluid-Related Medical Interventions and Hospital Death , 2015, Shock.

[465]  N. Sreeram,et al.  Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after use of intravenous amiodarone for postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia. , 2000, International journal of cardiology.

[466]  R. Andrews.  Family presence during a failed major trauma resuscitation attempt of a 15-year-old boy: lessons learned. , 2004, Journal of emergency nursing: JEN : official publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association.

[467]  V. Trenchs,et al.  Family Presence During Invasive Procedures at the Emergency Department: What Is the Opinion of Spanish Medical Staff? , 2011, Pediatric emergency care.

[468]  Richard C. Nova,et al.  Better outcome after pediatric defibrillation dosage than adult dosage in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation. , 2005, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[469]  M. Horton,et al.  Powered Intraosseous Insertion Provides Safe and Effective Vascular Access for Pediatric Emergency Patients , 2008, Pediatric emergency care.

[470]  C. Graham,et al.  CPR for children: one hand or two? , 2005, Resuscitation.

[471]  Kathleen M. Smith,et al.  The Use of High-Dose Epinephrine for Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest Refractory to Prehospital Interventions , 2005, Pediatric emergency care.

[472]  Alfred P. Hallstrom,et al.  Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. , 1999 .

[473]  R. Berg,et al.  Pediatric defibrillation doses often fail to terminate prolonged out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children. , 2005, Resuscitation.

[474]  R. Berg,et al.  2010 American Heart Association recommended compression depths during pediatric in-hospital resuscitations are associated with survival. , 2014, Resuscitation.

[475]  G. V. van Arsdell,et al.  Practical use of alpha blockade strategy in the management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome following stage one palliation with a Blalock-Taussig shunt. , 2004, Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Pediatric cardiac surgery annual.

[476]  M. Rieder,et al.  Results of inpatient pediatric resuscitation , 1986, Critical care medicine.

[477]  D. Dries,et al.  Neuromuscular blockade in aeromedical airway management. , 1992, Annals of emergency medicine.

[478]  B. Nakstad,et al.  Use of a Modified Pediatric Early Warning Score in a Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 2013, PloS one.

[479]  M. Blaivas,et al.  Feasibility of correlating the pulse check with focused point-of-care echocardiography during pediatric cardiac arrest: a case series. , 2008, Resuscitation.

[480]  W. Brady,et al.  Pediatric ventricular tachycardia: A review with three illustrative cases , 1994, Pediatric emergency care.

[481]  J. Menegazzi,et al.  Two-thumb vs. two-finger chest compression in an infant model of prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 2000, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[482]  S. Berger,et al.  Alteration of the critical arteriovenous oxygen saturation relationship by sustained afterload reduction after the Norwood procedure. , 2004, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[483]  Y. Yalçın,et al.  Comparison of inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolized iloprost in pulmonary hypertension in children with congenital heart surgery. , 2012, Cardiology journal.

[484]  A. Hallstrom,et al.  Out-of-hospital transcutaneous pacing by emergency medical technicians in patients with asystolic cardiac arrest. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[485]  M. Weiss,et al.  Fit and seal characteristics of a new paediatric tracheal tube with high volume–low pressure polyurethane cuff , 2005, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[486]  M. Sayre,et al.  The use of neuromuscular blocking agents by air medical services. , 1992, The Journal of air medical transport.

[487]  B. McCrindle,et al.  Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac or respiratory arrest in children. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[488]  D. Atkins,et al.  Accurate Recognition and Effective Treatment of Ventricular Fibrillation by Automated External Defibrillators in Adolescents , 1998, Pediatrics.

[489]  A. S. Jarvis.  Parental presence during resuscitation: attitudes of staff on a paediatric intensive care unit. , 1998, Intensive & critical care nursing.

[490]  M. Bhende,et al.  E ND - TIDAL C ARBON D IOXIDE M ONITORING IN THE P REHOSPITAL S ETTING , 2001, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[491]  C. Otto,et al.  High‐dose epinephrine results in greater early mortality after resuscitation from prolonged cardiac arrest in pigs: A prospective, randomized study , 1994, Critical care medicine.

[492]  M. Parker,et al.  Characteristics and outcomes of pediatric rapid response teams before and after mandatory triggering by an elevated Pediatric Early Warning System (PEWS) score. , 2014, Hospital pediatrics.

[493]  Marc A. Simon,et al.  Assessment and treatment of right ventricular failure , 2013, Nature Reviews Cardiology.

[494]  S. Zuspan,et al.  Use of intraosseous infusion in the pediatric trauma patient. , 1993, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[495]  F. Maxton.  Parental presence during resuscitation in the PICU: the parents' experience. Sharing and surviving the resuscitation: a phenomenological study. , 2008, Journal of clinical nursing.

[496]  A. Sarti,et al.  Heartbeat assessment in infants: A comparison of four clinical methods , 2005, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[497]  A. Zaritsky,et al.  Magnesium in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: critical review. , 2008, Resuscitation.

[498]  T. Minami,et al.  Comparison of mechanical and manual bone marrow puncture needle for intraosseous access; a randomized simulation trial , 2015, SpringerPlus.

[499]  D. Atkins,et al.  Pediatric defibrillation: importance of paddle size in determining transthoracic impedance. , 1988, Pediatrics.

[500]  V. Nadkarni,et al.  Association of timing, duration, and intensity of hyperglycemia with intensive care unit mortality in critically ill children , 2004, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[501]  J. Ornato,et al.  Relationship between cardiac output and the end-tidal carbon dioxide tension. , 1990, Annals of emergency medicine.

[502]  M. Rubenfire,et al.  Outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. , 2002, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[503]  A. Gunn,et al.  Treatment of term infants with head cooling and mild systemic hypothermia (35.0 degrees C and 34.5 degrees C) after perinatal asphyxia. , 2003, Pediatrics.

[504]  J. Kelly,et al.  Use of tube condensation as an indicator of endotracheal tube placement. , 1998, Annals of emergency medicine.

[505]  W. Oh,et al.  Comparison of intravenous and endotracheal epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in newborn piglets. , 1999, Critical care medicine.

[506]  R. Lewis,et al.  A prospective, population-based study of the epidemiology and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. , 2004, Pediatrics.

[507]  R. Berg,et al.  Calcium Use During In-hospital Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Report From the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , 2008, Pediatrics.

[508]  R. Mandapati,et al.  Procainamide for Rate Control of Postsurgical Junctional Tachycardia , 2000, Pediatric Cardiology.

[509]  P. Duvaldestin,et al.  Effect of epinephrine on end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure during prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 1994, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[510]  H. Harris,et al.  The Rat , 1958, Nature.

[511]  N. Kissoon,et al.  Comparison of fluid infusion rates among peripheral intravenous and humerus, femur, malleolus, and tibial intraosseous sites in normovolemic and hypovolemic piglets. , 1993, Annals of emergency medicine.

[512]  S. Berger,et al.  Improved Survival of Patients Undergoing Palliation of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Lessons Learned From 115 Consecutive Patients , 2002, Circulation.

[513]  D. Lockey,et al.  Outcome from paediatric cardiac arrest associated with trauma. , 2007, Resuscitation.

[514]  Jesús López-Herce,et al.  European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 6. Paediatric life support. , 2010, Resuscitation.

[515]  Kazuo Okada,et al.  Part 4: Advanced life support: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. , 2015, Resuscitation.

[516]  G. Gale.  Cardiac performance in pediatric near-drowning. , 1989, Critical care medicine.

[517]  Alan D. Lopez,et al.  Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[518]  K. D. Young,et al.  Ethnic Differences in Parent Preference to Be Present for Painful Medical Procedures , 2004, Pediatrics.

[519]  C. Otto,et al.  Effects of graded doses of epinephrine on both noninvasive and invasive measures of myocardial perfusion and blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation , 1993, Critical care medicine.

[520]  Stephane Heritier,et al.  Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[521]  W. M. Smith,et al.  Mechanisms of regular, wide QRS tachycardia in infants and children. , 1982, The American journal of cardiology.

[522]  N. Haas,et al.  Acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous amiodarone treatment in paediatric cardiac surgical patients , 2008, Clinical Research in Cardiology.

[523]  M. Peters,et al.  Terlipressin bolus induces systemic vasoconstriction in septic shock* , 2004, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[524]  A. Rodríguez-Núñez,et al.  Hyperoxia, hypocapnia and hypercapnia as outcome factors after cardiac arrest in children. , 2012, Resuscitation.

[525]  Robert A. Berg,et al.  International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and mergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment ecommendations , 2015 .

[526]  R. Neumar,et al.  Consensus Process , 2022 .

[527]  D. Zideman,et al.  European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 6. Paediatric life support. , 2005, Resuscitation.

[528]  B. Y. Poh,et al.  A randomised, double-blind, multi-centre trial comparing vasopressin and adrenaline in patients with cardiac arrest presenting to or in the Emergency Department. , 2012, Resuscitation.

[529]  R. Dieckmann,et al.  High-dose epinephrine in pediatric out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. , 1995, Pediatrics.