Actively and passively excited sinusoidal microstrip and PCB strip antennas operating at K and millimeter‐wave bands

FDTD results are compared with those provided by ADS. An excellent agreement between both techniques can be observed. Moreover, after performing a discrete Fourier transform of the voltage waveforms of Figure 3, the frequency response of the circuit for both techniques is plotted in Figure 5. It can be seen that, because of the frequency division, the sub-harmonic at fs/2 1.4 GHz appears. 4. CONCLUSION In this study, the FDTD method is proposed as an accurate tool for the analysis of parametric frequency dividers. To this end, a diode-based microstrip circuit exhibiting a parametric frequency division by two is firstly designed by using a combination of the HB and AG techniques. Then, the designed microstrip divider is analyzed by means of the FDTD method. It is shown that, at the designed frequency, the results obtained by the present approach agree with those predicted by ADS. However, since the FDTD method provides a full-wave simulation of the distributed elements, this technique will be of major interest in circuits operating at higher frequencies, where an accurate modeling of the distributed elements is essential.