Noncontact fatigue crack visualization using nonlinear ultrasonic modulation

Abstract This paper presents a complete noncontact fatigue crack visualization technique based on nonlinear ultrasonic wave modulation and investigates the main source of nonlinear modulation generation. Two distinctive frequency input signals are created by two air-coupled transducers and the corresponding ultrasonic responses are scanned using a 3D laser Doppler vibrometer. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is tested using aluminum plates with different stages of fatigue crack formation such as micro and macro-cracks. Furthermore, the main source of nonlinear modulation is discussed based on the visualization results and the microscopic images.

[1]  Laurence J. Jacobs,et al.  Nonlinear Ultrasonic Techniques for Nondestructive Damage Assessment in Metallic Materials , 2011 .

[2]  Tadeusz Uhl,et al.  Nonlinear acoustics for fatigue crack detection – experimental investigations of vibro-acoustic wave modulations , 2012 .

[3]  E. Gdoutos,et al.  Fracture Mechanics , 2020, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology.

[4]  V. V. Kazakov,et al.  Interaction of sound and vibrations in concrete with cracks , 2001 .

[5]  W. Staszewski,et al.  Nonlinear acoustics with low-profile piezoceramic excitation for crack detection in metallic structures , 2006 .

[6]  Lev A. Matveev,et al.  Elastic-wave modulation approach to crack detection: Comparison of conventional modulation and higher-order interactions , 2011 .

[7]  Veniamin E. Nazarov,et al.  Nonlinear acoustics of micro-inhomogeneous media , 1988 .

[8]  Lev A. Matveev,et al.  On the ultimate sensitivity of nonlinear-modulation method of crack detection , 2009 .

[9]  K. E.-A. Van Den Abeele,et al.  Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy (NEWS) Techniques to Discern Material Damage, Part I: Nonlinear Wave Modulation Spectroscopy (NWMS) , 2000 .

[10]  G Busse,et al.  Nonlinear modulation technique for NDE with air-coupled ultrasound. , 2004, Ultrasonics.

[11]  Hyung Jin Lim,et al.  Reference-free fatigue crack detection using nonlinear ultrasonic modulation under various temperature and loading conditions , 2014 .

[12]  Hoon Sohn,et al.  Parameter Estimation of the Generalized Extreme Value Distribution for Structural Health Monitoring , 2005 .

[13]  Douglas E. Adams,et al.  Vibro-Acoustic Modulation Utilizing a Swept Probing Signal for Robust Crack Detection , 2010 .

[14]  A. V. Radostin,et al.  Effect of an intense sound wave on the acoustic properties of a sandstone bar resonator. Experiment , 2002 .

[15]  A. Jenkinson.  The frequency distribution of the annual maximum (or minimum) values of meteorological elements , 1955 .

[16]  W. Staszewski,et al.  Fatigue crack detection in metallic structures with Lamb waves and 3D laser vibrometry , 2007 .

[17]  Michele Meo,et al.  Structural health monitoring of bolted joints using linear and nonlinear acoustic/ultrasound methods , 2011 .

[18]  Alexander Sutin,et al.  Nonlinear acoustic methods of crack diagnostics , 1995 .

[19]  William T. Yost,et al.  Acoustic harmonic generation from fatigue-induced dislocation dipoles , 1994 .

[20]  Dimitris A. Saravanos,et al.  Delamination detection in composites using wave modulation spectroscopy with a novel active nonlinear acousto-ultrasonic piezoelectric sensor , 2011 .

[21]  Koichiro Kawashima,et al.  Enhanced Higher Harmonic Imaging of Heterogeneities and Local Plastic Deformation in Steel Plates , 2014 .

[22]  Veniamin E. Nazarov,et al.  Novel nonlinear-modulation acoustic technique for crack detection , 2006 .

[23]  Hoon Sohn,et al.  Automated detection of delamination and disbond from wavefield images obtained using a scanning laser vibrometer , 2011 .

[24]  Hyung Jin Lim,et al.  Nonlinear ultrasonic wave modulation for online fatigue crack detection , 2014 .

[25]  Igor Solodov,et al.  Nonlinear air-coupled emission: The signature to reveal and image microdamage in solid materials , 2007 .

[26]  F. C. Campbell.  Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys , 2008 .

[27]  Volker Esslinger,et al.  The railway accident of Eschede – technical background , 2004 .

[28]  Alexander Sutin,et al.  Nonlinear acoustic interaction on contact interfaces and its use for nondestructive testing , 2001 .

[29]  Tribikram Kundu,et al.  Noncontact detection of fatigue cracks by laser nonlinear wave modulation spectroscopy (LNWMS) , 2014 .

[30]  G. Igor Solodov,et al.  New Opportunities for NDT Using Non-Linear Interaction of Elastic Waves with Defects , 2011 .

[31]  P. Johnson,et al.  Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy (NEWS) Techniques to Discern Material Damage, Part II: Single-Mode Nonlinear Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy , 2000 .

[32]  V. E. Nazarov,et al.  Interaction of acoustic waves with cracks: Elastic and inelastic nonlinearity mechanisms on different time scales , 2005 .

[33]  Alexander Sutin,et al.  Vibro-Acoustic Modulation Nondestructive Evaluation Technique , 1998, Smart Structures.

[34]  Laurence J. Jacobs,et al.  A nonlinear-guided wave technique for evaluating plasticity-driven material damage in a metal plate , 2009 .

[35]  Peter Cawley,et al.  A study of the vibro-acoustic modulation technique for the detection of cracks in metals , 2006 .