Spectral characterization of colored dissolved organic matter for productive inland waters and its source analysis

This study examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and spectral slope (S), and further to analyze its sources in three productive water supplies (Eagle Creek, Geist and Morse reservoirs) from Indiana, USA. The results showed that he absorption coefficient aCDOM(440) ranged from 0.37 m–1 to 3.93 m–1 with an average of 1.89 ± 0.76 m–1 (±SD) for the aggregated dataset, and S varied from 0.0048 nm–1 to 0.0239 nm–1 with an average of 0.0108 ± 0.0040 nm–1. A significant relationship between S and aCDOM(440) can be fitted with a power equation (S = 0.013 × aCDOM(440)–0.42, R2 = 0.612), excluding data from Geist Reservoir during high flow (12 April 2010) and the Morse Reservoir on 25 June 2010 due to a T-storm achieves even higher determination coefficient (R2 = 0.842). Correlation analysis indicated that aCDOM(440) has strong association with inorganic suspended matter (ISM) concentration (0.231 < R2 < 0.786) for each of the field surveys, and this trend followed the aggregated datasets (R2 = 0.447, p < 0.001). In contrast, chlorophyll-a was only correlated with aCDOM(440) in summer and autumn (0.081 < R2 < 0.763), indicating that CDOM is mainly from terrigenous sources in early spring and that phytoplankton contributed during the algal blooming season. The S value was used to characterize CDOM origin. The results indicate that the CDOM source is mainly controlled by hydrological variations, while phytoplankton originated organic matter also closely linked with CDOM dynamics in three productive reservoirs.

[1]  Lilian B. Busse,et al.  Riparian alder fens - source or sink for nutrients and dissolved organic carbon? - 2. Major sources and sinks , 2002 .

[2]  Dariusz Stramski,et al.  Variations in the light absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, nonalgal particles, and dissolved organic matter in coastal waters around Europe , 2003 .

[3]  Guangwei Zhu,et al.  Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption characteristics in relation to fluorescence in Lake Taihu, China, a large shallow subtropical lake , 2007 .

[4]  M. Williams,et al.  Sources and chemical character of dissolved organic carbon across an alpine/subalpine ecotone, Green Lakes Valley, Colorado Front Range, United States , 2003 .

[5]  M. Xenopoulos,et al.  Effects of agricultural land use on the composition of fluvial dissolved organic matter , 2009 .

[6]  R. Arnone,et al.  Deriving inherent optical properties from water color: a multiband quasi-analytical algorithm for optically deep waters. , 2002, Applied optics.

[7]  Lu Zhang,et al.  Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption characteristics in relation to fluorescence in Lake Taihu, China, a large shallow subtropical lake , 2007, Hydrobiologia.

[8]  C. Stedmon,et al.  The optics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Greenland Sea: An algorithm for differentiation between marine and terrestrially derived organic matter , 2001 .

[9]  Yunlin Zhang,et al.  Characterizing chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Lake Tianmuhu and its catchment basin using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis. , 2011, Water research.

[10]  Piotr Kowalczuk,et al.  Modeling absorption by CDOM in the Baltic Sea from season, salinity and chlorophyll , 2006 .

[11]  Tami C. Bond,et al.  Spectral absorption properties of atmospheric aerosols , 2007 .

[12]  Kaishan Song,et al.  Spectral absorption properties of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and total suspended matter (TSM) of inland waters , 2010, Optical Engineering + Applications.

[13]  L. Prieur,et al.  Absorption by dissolved organic matter of the sea (yellow substance) in the UV and visible domains1 , 1981 .

[14]  E. Perdue,et al.  Photochemical bleaching of oceanic dissolved organic matter and its effect on absorption spectral slope and fluorescence , 2013 .

[15]  Murray T. Brown,et al.  Transmission spectroscopy examinations of natural waters: C. Ultraviolet spectral characteristics of the transition from terrestrial humus to marine yellow substance , 1977 .

[16]  B. Qin,et al.  Spectral attenuation of ultraviolet and visible radiation in lakes in the Yunnan Plateau, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China , 2011, Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology.

[17]  H. Laudon,et al.  Landscape control of stream water aluminum in a boreal catchment during spring flood. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[18]  John M. Melack,et al.  Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate , 2009 .

[19]  Robert G. M. Spencer,et al.  Dissolved organic carbon and chromophoric dissolved organic matter properties of rivers in the USA , 2012 .

[20]  R. Wetzel.  23 – DETRITUS: ORGANIC CARBON CYCLING AND ECOSYSTEM METABOLISM , 2001 .

[21]  Matthew P. Miller,et al.  A model of degradation and production of three pools of dissolved organic matter in an alpine lake , 2009 .

[22]  T. Boer,et al.  Applicability of light absorbance and fluorescence as measures of concentration and molecular size of dissolved organic carbon in humic Lake Tjeukemeer , 1987 .

[23]  E. Boss,et al.  Modeling the spectral shape of absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter , 2004 .

[24]  David M. Lodge,et al.  Effects of upstream lakes on dissolved organic matter in streams , 2007 .

[25]  Warwick F. Vincent,et al.  Spectral light attenuation and the absorption of UV and blue light in natural waters , 2000 .

[26]  K. Carder,et al.  Marine humic and fulvic acids: Their effects on remote sensing of ocean chlorophyll , 1989 .

[27]  B. Gentili,et al.  A simple band ratio technique to quantify the colored dissolved and detrital organic material from ocean color remotely sensed data , 2009 .

[28]  T. Richardson,et al.  Estimation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and photosynthetic activity of estuarine phytoplankton using a multiple-fixed-wavelength spectral fluorometer. , 2013, Water research.

[29]  Kendall L. Carder,et al.  Ocean color reveals phase shift between marine plants and yellow substance , 2006, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

[30]  R. Wetzel.  Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems , 1975 .

[31]  W. Zech,et al.  Release of natural organic matter sorbed to oxides and a subsoil , 1999 .

[32]  Lin Li,et al.  Hyperspectral determination of eutrophication for a water supply source via genetic algorithm-partial least squares (GA-PLS) modeling. , 2012, The Science of the total environment.

[33]  K. Schmidt-Rohr,et al.  Photochemical flocculation of terrestrial dissolved organic matter and iron , 2013 .

[34]  Yunlin Zhang,et al.  Characteristics and sources of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in lakes of the Yungui Plateau, China, differing in trophic state and altitude , 2010 .

[35]  C. Lancelot,et al.  Coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in Southern North Sea waters: Optical characterization and possible origin. , 2009 .

[36]  P. Grierson,et al.  Source, biogeochemical cycling, and fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter in an agro‐urban estuary , 2011 .

[37]  J. Six,et al.  Photochemical degradation of dissolved organic matter and dissolved lignin phenols from the Congo River , 2009 .

[38]  R. Zepp,et al.  Comparison of photochemical behavior of various humic substances in water: III. Spectroscopic properties of humic substances , 1981 .

[39]  M. DeGrandpre,et al.  Seasonal variation of CDOM and DOC in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Terrestrial inputs and photooxidation , 1997 .

[40]  B. Qin,et al.  The contribution of phytoplankton degradation to chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in eutrophic shallow lakes: field and experimental evidence. , 2009, Water research.

[41]  William G. Booty,et al.  Spectral absorption properties of dissolved and particulate matter in Lake Erie , 2008 .

[42]  Jonathan J. Cole,et al.  Patterns and regulation of dissolved organic carbon: An analysis of 7,500 widely distributed lakes , 2007 .

[43]  Ying Sun,et al.  Remote estimation of phycocyanin (PC) for inland waters coupled with YSI PC fluorescence probe , 2013, Environmental science and pollution research international.

[44]  Dongyan Liu,et al.  Geometric models for calculating cell biovolume and surface area for phytoplankton , 2003 .

[45]  W. McDowell,et al.  Spatial and temporal variations in DOM composition in ecosystems: The importance of long‐term monitoring of optical properties , 2008 .

[46]  J. D. Ritchie,et al.  Absorption spectral slopes and slope ratios as indicators of molecular weight, source, and photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter , 2008 .

[47]  K. Rose,et al.  When UV Meets Fresh Water , 2010, Science.

[48]  H. Laudon,et al.  Regulation of stream water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations during snowmelt : the role of discharge, winter climate and memory effects , 2010 .

[49]  Cédric G. Fichot,et al.  A novel method to estimate DOC concentrations from CDOM absorption coefficients in coastal waters , 2011 .

[50]  R. Striegl,et al.  Seasonal and spatial variability in dissolved organic matter quantity and composition from the Yukon River basin, Alaska , 2008 .

[51]  Morten Søndergaard,et al.  Dissolved organic matter (DOM) export to a temperate estuary: seasonal variations and implications of land use , 2006 .

[52]  G. Gunkel,et al.  Riparian alder fens — Source or sink for nutrients and dissolved organic carbon? — 1. Effects of water level fluctuations , 2001 .