The relationship between anatomically correct electric and magnetic field dosimetry and publishe delectric and magnetic field exposure limits.

Electric and magnetic field exposure limits published by International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers are aimed at protection against adverse electrostimulation, which may occur by direct coupling to excitable tissue and, in the case of electric fields, through indirect means associated with surface charge effects (e.g. hair vibration, skin sensations), spark discharge and contact current. For direct coupling, the basic restriction (BR) specifies the not-to-be-exceeded induced electric field. The key results of anatomically based electric and magnetic field dosimetry studies and the relevant characteristics of excitable tissue were first identified. This permitted us to assess the electric and magnetic field exposure levels that induce dose in tissue equal to the basic restrictions, and the relationships of those exposure levels to the limits now in effect. We identify scenarios in which direct coupling of electric fields to peripheral nerve could be a determining factor for electric field limits.

[1]  H. C. Stevens,et al.  VISUAL SENSATIONS CAUSED BY CHANGES IN THE STRENGTH OF A MAGNETIC FIELD , 1911 .

[2]  J. Patrick Reilly,et al.  Applied Bioelectricity: From Electrical Stimulation to Electropathology , 1998 .

[3]  Reilly Jp Comments concerning "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)". , 1999 .

[4]  Kanako Wake,et al.  Intercomparison of induced fields in Japanese male model for ELF magnetic field exposures: effect of different computational methods and codes. , 2010, Radiation protection dosimetry.

[5]  T.D. Bracken,et al.  Field measurements and calculations of electrostatic effects of overhead transmission lines , 1976, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[6]  Robert D. Tucker,et al.  Tests for Human Perception of 60 Hz Moderate Strength Magnetic Fields , 1978, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[7]  W. H. Bailey,et al.  Evaluation of biological effects, dosimetric models, and exposure assessment related to ELF electric- and magnetic-field guidelines. , 2001, Applied occupational and environmental hygiene.

[8]  Maria A. Stuchly,et al.  Peripheral nerve stimulation by gradient switching fields in magnetic resonance imaging , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[9]  D.W. Deno,et al.  Currents induced in the human body by high voltage transmission line electric fieldߞMeasurement and calculation of distribution and dose , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[10]  P. Dimbylow Current densities in a 2 mm resolution anatomically realistic model of the body induced by low frequency electric fields. , 2000, Physics in medicine and biology.

[11]  K. Jokela,et al.  ICNIRP Guidelines GUIDELINES FOR LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME-VARYING , 1998 .

[12]  Robert Kavet,et al.  Recent advances in research relevant to electric and magnetic field exposure guidelines , 2008, Bioelectromagnetics.

[13]  John G R Jefferys,et al.  A NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR ELF GUIDELINES , 2007, Health physics.

[14]  Georg Frese,et al.  Comparison of the threshold for peripheral nerve stimulation during gradient switching in whole body MR systems , 2002, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[15]  T. Tenforde,et al.  Interaction of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields with humans. , 1987, Health physics.

[16]  E Marg,et al.  Magnetostimulation of Vision: Direct Noninvasive Stimulation of the Retina and the Visual Brain , 1991, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[17]  Maria A. Stuchly,et al.  Electric fields in the human body resulting from 60-Hz contact currents , 2001, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[18]  P. Dimbylow Development of the female voxel phantom, NAOMI, and its application to calculations of induced current densities and electric fields from applied low frequency magnetic and electric fields , 2005, Physics in medicine and biology.

[19]  Akimasa Hirata,et al.  An electric field induced in the retina and brain at threshold magnetic flux density causing magnetophosphenes , 2011, Physics in medicine and biology.

[20]  Krys Caputa,et al.  Electric fields induced in humans and rodents by 60 Hz magnetic fields. , 2002, Physics in medicine and biology.

[21]  K. Caputa,et al.  High-resolution organ dosimetry for human exposure to low-frequency electric fields , 1998 .

[22]  G. Brindley,et al.  The site of electrical excitation of the human eye , 1955, The Journal of physiology.

[23]  A. Swinton Visual Sensations from the Alternating Magnetic Field , 1911, Nature.

[24]  W. Grill,et al.  Sites of neuronal excitation by epiretinal electrical stimulation , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering.

[25]  Gebhard Jw Thresholds of the human eye for electric stimulation by different wave forms. , 1952 .

[26]  M. Stuchly,et al.  Modelling fields induced in humans by 50/60 Hz magnetic fields: reliability of the results and effects of model variations. , 2002, Physics in medicine and biology.

[27]  A. Ahlbom Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz) , 1998 .