The Effect of Socially Shared Regulation Approach on Learning Performance in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning

Students’ abilities to socially shared regulation of their learning are crucial to productive and successful collaborative learning. However, how group members sustain and regulate collaborative processes is a neglected area in the field of collaborative learning. Furthermore, how group members engage in socially shared regulation still remains to be resolved in the collaborative learning context. In this study, a socially shared regulation-embedded collaborative learning tool was developed to enable learners to collectively regulate their learning. Our study evaluated the effect of the socially shared regulation approach on learning performance. In total, 66 undergraduates were randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (socially shared regulation approach) and control (non-socially shared regulation approach). The results indicated that the proposed approach significantly improved participants’ learning achievements, group performance, and socially shared regulation frequency. Moreover, participants were satisfied with the proposed approach in terms of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and cognitive load. The practical implications and future studies are also discussed based on the findings.

[1]  Sanna Järvelä,et al.  Socially Constructed Self-Regulated Learning and Motivation Regulation in Collaborative Learning Groups , 2011, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education.

[2]  R. T. Kellogg,et al.  Concurrent activation of high- and low-level production processes in written composition , 2002, Memory & cognition.

[3]  S. Ransdell,et al.  Is writing as difficult as it seems? , 1995, Memory & cognition.

[4]  Philip H. Winne,et al.  The weave of motivation and self-regulated learning. , 2008 .

[5]  Åsa Wengelin,et al.  Logging tools to study digital writing processes , 2011 .

[6]  S. Volet,et al.  High-Level Co-Regulation in Collaborative Learning: How Does It Emerge and How Is It Sustained?. , 2009 .

[7]  Radhika Vidanage De Silva,et al.  Writing strategy instruction: Its impact on writing in a second language for academic purposes , 2015 .

[8]  Idoia Elola,et al.  Spanish Heritage Language Learners' Allocation of Time to Writing Processes in English and Spanish , 2011, Hispania.

[9]  Åsa Wengelin,et al.  Examining Pauses in Writing: Theory, Methods and Empirical Data , 2006, Computer Key-Stroke Logging and Writing.

[10]  Kyungbin Kwon,et al.  Group regulation and social-emotional interactions observed in computer supported collaborative learning: Comparison between good vs. poor collaborators , 2014, Comput. Educ..

[11]  Michel Ferrari,et al.  What makes a good writer? Differences in good and poor writers' self-regulation of writing , 1998 .

[12]  V. Grau,et al.  Self and social regulation of learning during collaborative activities in the classroom: The interplay of individual and group cognition , 2012 .

[13]  Philip H. Winne,et al.  Studying as self-regulated learning. , 1998 .

[14]  B. Zimmerman,et al.  Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning: Theory, Research, and Applications , 2009 .

[15]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  Using Wikis for Learning and Knowledge Building: Results of an Experimental Study , 2011, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[16]  K. Spelman-Miller Pausing, Productivity and the Processing of Topic in OnLine Writing , 2006, Computer Key-Stroke Logging and Writing.

[17]  C. Hmelo‐Silver,et al.  Facilitating Collaborative Knowledge Building , 2008 .

[18]  Timothy Koschmann,et al.  Cscl : Theory and Practice of An Emerging Paradigm , 1996 .

[19]  J. Janssen,et al.  Task-related and social regulation during online collaborative learning , 2012 .

[20]  Sanna Järvelä,et al.  Enhancing socially shared regulation in collaborative learning groups: designing for CSCL regulation tools , 2014, Educational Technology Research and Development.

[21]  L. V. Waes,et al.  Writing profiles : the effect of the writing mode on pausing and revision patterns of experienced writers , 2003 .

[22]  Douglas J. Hacker,et al.  Metacognition in educational theory and practice. , 1998 .

[23]  Kristyan Spelman Miller Academic writers on-line: investigating pausing in the production of text , 2000 .

[24]  R. T. Kellogg,et al.  Competition for working memory among writing processes. , 2001, The American journal of psychology.

[25]  Javier Onrubia,et al.  Work coordination and collaborative knowledge construction in a small group collaborative virtual task , 2015, Internet High. Educ..

[26]  U. Will,et al.  Syllabic structures in typing : Evidence from hearing-impaired writers , 2003 .

[27]  Eva Lindgren,et al.  The Psycholinguistic Dimension in Second Language Writing: Opportunities for Research and Pedagogy Using Computer Keystroke Logging , 2008 .

[28]  Mariel Miller,et al.  Scripting and awareness tools for regulating collaborative learning: Changing the landscape of support in CSCL , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[29]  Allyson Hadwin,et al.  Advancing educational research on collaboration through the use of gStudy computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) tools: Introduction to special issue , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[30]  Stephen Graham,et al.  Explicitly Teaching Strategies, Skills, and Knowledge: Writing Instruction in Middle School Classrooms. , 2002 .

[31]  Allyson Hadwin,et al.  Innovative ways for using gStudy to orchestrate and research social aspects of self-regulated learning , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[32]  Hanna Järvenoja,et al.  Socially shared regulation of learning and participation in social interaction in collaborative learning , 2017 .

[33]  Luuk Van Waes,et al.  Inputlog: New Perspectives on the Logging of On-Line Writing Processes in a Windows Environment , 2006, Computer Key-Stroke Logging and Writing.

[34]  Liz Murphy,et al.  Generating Text in Native and Foreign Language Writing: A Temporal Analysis of ProblemSolving Formulation Processes , 2006 .

[35]  G. Schumacher Cognitive Activities of Beginning and Advanced College Writers: A Pausal Analysis. , 1984 .

[36]  S. Järvelä,et al.  Socially shared metacognition of pre-service primary teachers in a computer-supported mathematics course and their feelings of task difficulty: a case study , 2009 .

[37]  S. Järvelä,et al.  Socially Shared Regulation of Learning: A Review , 2015 .

[38]  S. Järvelä,et al.  New Frontiers: Regulating Learning in CSCL , 2013 .

[39]  R. Mayer,et al.  Nine Ways to Reduce Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning , 2003 .

[40]  Zhiting Zhu,et al.  A Learning Framework for Knowledge Building and Collective Wisdom Advancement in Virtual Learning Communities , 2007, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[41]  R. T. Kellogg A model of working memory in writing. , 1996 .

[42]  D. Kuhn Thinking Together and Alone , 2015 .

[43]  B. Zimmerman Motivational Sources and Outcomes of Self-Regulated Learning and Performance , 2011 .

[44]  Hanna Järvenoja,et al.  Research on Motivation in Collaborative Learning: Moving Beyond the Cognitive–Situative Divide and Combining Individual and Social Processes , 2010 .

[45]  S. Järvelä,et al.  Self-Regulated, Co-Regulated, and Socially Shared Regulation of Learning , 2011 .

[46]  D. McCutchen Knowledge, Processing, and Working Memory: Implications for a Theory of Writing , 2000 .

[47]  Jan van Aalst,et al.  Fixed group and opportunistic collaboration in a CSCL environment , 2015, International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning.

[48]  Stephanie D. Teasley,et al.  The Construction of Shared Knowledge in Collaborative Problem Solving , 1995 .

[49]  Sanna Järvelä,et al.  Socially shared regulation of learning in CSCL: understanding and prompting individual- and group-level shared regulatory activities , 2016, Int. J. Comput. Support. Collab. Learn..

[50]  Gwo-Jen Hwang,et al.  A two-tier test approach to developing location-aware mobile learning systems for natural science courses , 2010, Comput. Educ..

[51]  S. Castro,et al.  Cognitive processes in writing during pause and execution periods , 2009 .

[52]  M. Scardamalia,et al.  Designs for Collective Cognitive Responsibility in Knowledge-Building Communities , 2009 .

[53]  Sanna Järvelä,et al.  Promoting socially shared regulation of learning in CSCL: Progress of socially shared regulation among high- and low-performing groups , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[54]  Muhammad M. Abdel Latif,et al.  A State-of-the-Art Review of the Real-Time Computer-Aided Study of the Writing Process , 2008 .

[55]  Yanren Ding,et al.  An Exploratory Study of Pauses in Computer-Assisted EFL Writing. , 2014 .

[56]  L. Gregg,et al.  Identifying the Organization of Writing Processes , 2016 .

[57]  Guangwei Hu,et al.  Reactivity of concurrent verbal reporting in second language writing , 2014 .

[58]  Nadira Saab,et al.  Support of the collaborative inquiry learning process: influence of support on task and team regulation , 2012 .

[59]  Liz Murphy,et al.  The foreign language writer's strategic behaviour in the allocation of time to writing processes , 2008 .

[60]  Philip H. Winne,et al.  Metacognition and Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning , 2013 .

[61]  A. Hadwin,et al.  Self-Regulation, Coregulation, and Socially Shared Regulation: Exploring Perspectives of Social in Self-Regulated Learning Theory , 2011 .

[62]  Gert Rijlaarsdam,et al.  Changes in Cognitive Activities During the Writing Process and Relationships with Text Quality , 2001 .

[63]  Paul A. Kirschner,et al.  Ten Steps to Complex Learning: A Systematic Approach to Four-Component Instructional Design , 2007 .

[64]  Toni Kempler Rogat,et al.  Socially Shared Regulation in Collaborative Groups: An Analysis of the Interplay Between Quality of Social Regulation and Group Processes , 2011 .

[65]  P. Kirschner,et al.  Toward a Framework for CSCL Research , 2013 .

[66]  Gwo-Jen Hwang,et al.  An interactive peer-assessment criteria development approach to improving students' art design performance using handheld devices , 2015, Comput. Educ..

[67]  Philip H. Winne What is the state of the art in self-, co- and socially shared regulation in CSCL? , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..