Handbook of fish age estimation protocols and validation methods

The Planning Group on Commercial Catch, Discards and Biological Sampling (PGCCDBS) 2012 was approached by the ICES Publications and Communications Group (PUBCOM) with the suggestion to combine the existing protocols on the age estimation of fish species within the ICES Area and publish them as an ICES Cooperative Research Report (CRR). This idea was received favourably by PGCCDBS. It was deemed important to (i) summarize the state of knowledge for key species, (ii) scrutinize, by peer review, the work done during the many calibration exercises, and, by doing so, (iii) promote an increase in quality. The aim of the present publication is to provide a comprehensive manual on the methodology of age estimation and validation and represents a collation of the state-of-the-art scientific work on the methods and validated age estimation of commercially exploited fish species across Europe. Having a collation of the latest methodologies by species grouping will also facilitate rapid and quality-assured development of methods suitable for new species.

[1]  Terrance J. Quinn,et al.  Quantitative Fish Dynamics , 1999 .

[2]  M. Azevedo,et al.  Study of the growth of southern black and white monkfish stocks , 1997 .

[3]  J. Gordon,et al.  Verification of annual increment formation in the white anglerfish, Lophius piscatorius using the illicia and sagitta otoliths , 2003 .

[4]  Odd Aksel Bergstad,et al.  Distribution and trophic ecology of some gadoid fish of the Norwegian deep , 1991 .

[5]  A cooperative effort to exchange age reading experience and protocols between European fish institutes , 2005 .

[6]  Pablo Otero,et al.  Digital Imaging Tool to Enhance Otolith Microstructure for Estimating Age in Days in Juvenile and Adult Fish , 2018, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[7]  J. Baro,et al.  Age and growth of the Spanish chub mackerel Scomber colias off southern Spain: a comparison between samples from the NE Atlantic and the SW Mediterranean , 2011 .

[8]  U. Cotano,et al.  Validation of age determination using otoliths of the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L.) in the Bay of Biscay , 2016 .

[9]  S. Kooijman,et al.  Shedding Light on Fish Otolith Biomineralization Using a Bioenergetic Approach , 2011, PloS one.

[10]  Richard Donald Methot,et al.  Technical description of the stock synthesis assessment program , 2000 .

[11]  E. Burton,et al.  Age determination and validation studies of marine fishes: do deep-dwellers live longer? , 2001, Experimental Gerontology.

[12]  S. Campana,et al.  Graphical and Statistical Methods for Determining the Consistency of Age Determinations , 1995 .

[13]  F. Colloca,et al.  Growth and mortality of exploited Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum) larvae along the western coast of Italy , 2002 .

[14]  J. Byun,et al.  Microstructural growth in otoliths of conger eel (Conger myriaster) leptocephali during the metamorphic stage , 1996 .

[15]  W. Crozier.  Age and growth of angler-fish (Lophius piscatorius L.) in the North Irish Sea , 1989 .

[16]  U. Krumme,et al.  Tetracycline marks visible in Baltic cod Gadus morhua otoliths stored for 40 years. , 2016, Journal of fish biology.

[17]  O. Bergstad.  Age Determination of Deep-Water Fishes: Experiences, Status and Challenges for the Future , 1995 .

[18]  I. Sobrino,et al.  Studies on Age Determination and Growth Pattern of the Red (Blackspot) Seabream [Pagellus bogaraveo (Brünnich, 1768)] from the Strait of Gibraltar (ICES IXa/SW Spain): Application of the Species Migratory Pattern , 2001 .

[19]  P. Álvarez,et al.  Validation of daily increments in the otolith microstructure of Northeast Atlantic mackerel fish larvae , 2008 .

[20]  K. Hüssy,et al.  A reliable method for ageing of whiting (Merlangius merlangus) for use in stock assessment and management , 2013 .

[21]  Ole Thomas Albert,et al.  Growth and formation of annual zones in whole otoliths of Greenland halibut, a slow-growing deep-water fish , 2016 .

[22]  B. Morales-Nin,et al.  Sardine growth in the Catalan Sea (NW Mediterranean) determined by means of otolith interpretation and length frequency data , 1989 .

[23]  B. Morales-Nin,et al.  Growth of juvenile Merluccius merluccius in the Gulf of Lions ( NW Mediterranean) based on otolith microstructure and length-frequency analysis , 1997 .

[24]  P. Grønkjær,et al.  Temperature effects on growth of juvenile Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides Walbaum) in West Greenland waters , 2010 .

[25]  Herve Troadec,et al.  Age estimation in common sole Solea solea larvae: validation of daily increments and evaluation of a pattern recognition technique , 1997 .

[26]  M. Pegg,et al.  The Global Status of Freshwater Fish Age Validation Studies and a Prioritization Framework for Further Research , 2015 .

[27]  Alexander Sasov,et al.  Fish ageing by otolith shape analysis : Final report to the European Commission , 2002 .

[28]  H. M. Krugg.  The azorean blackspot seabream pagellus bogaraveo bruennich 1768 teleostei sparidae age and growth , 1989 .

[29]  A. Bowker,et al.  A test for symmetry in contingency tables. , 1948, Journal of the American Statistical Association.

[30]  Sarah C. Swan,et al.  A comparison of the deep‐water demersal fish assemblages of the Rockall Trough and Porcupine Seabight, eastern North Atlantic: continental slope to rise , 1996 .

[31]  D. Gunderson,et al.  Using Pb-210/Ra-226 disequilibria for sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, age validation , 1993 .

[32]  K. Limburg,et al.  The use of otolith chemistry to characterize diadromous migrations. , 2012, Journal of fish biology.

[33]  P. Steingrund,et al.  Age and growth of anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius) in Faroese waters , 2013 .

[34]  A. Johannessen,et al.  Differences in growth pattern between spring and autumn spawned herring (Clupea harengus L.) larvae , 2000 .

[35]  C. Stransky,et al.  Age determination and growth of Atlantic redfish (Sebastes marinus and S. mentella): bias and precision of age readers and otolith preparation methods , 2005 .

[36]  J. Landa,et al.  Corroboration of Fast Growth Rate of Blackbellied Angler (Lophius budegassa) in Spanish Mediterranean , 2018 .

[37]  J. Gregg,et al.  Improving the precision of otolith-based age estimates for Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) with preparation methods adapted for fragile sagittae , 2006 .

[38]  C. Mellon-Duval,et al.  Growth of European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the Gulf of Lions based on conventional tagging , 2010 .

[39]  T. Quinn,et al.  Homing and Straying Patterns of Fall Chinook Salmon in the Lower Columbia River , 1991 .

[40]  G. Rollefsen.  The Spawning Zone in Cod Otoliths and Prognosis of Stock , 1935 .

[41]  F. Rossi,et al.  Early life history of the black anglerfish Lophius budegassa Spinola, 1807 in the Mediterranean Sea using otolith microstructure , 2008 .

[42]  B. Morales-Nin,et al.  The use of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to detect strontium marks in fish otoliths , 2012 .

[43]  Hélène de Pontual,et al.  Evidence of underestimation of European hake growth in the Bay of Biscay, and its relationship with bias in the agreed method of age estimation , 2006 .

[44]  T. Itai,et al.  Hypoxia-induced exposure of isaza fish to manganese and arsenic at the bottom of Lake Biwa, Japan: experimental and geochemical verification. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[45]  E.,et al.  Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths : pathways , mechanisms and applications , 2006 .

[46]  J. Olney,et al.  Use of a Natural Isotopic Signature in Otoliths to Evaluate Scale-Based Age Determination for American Shad , 2012 .

[47]  M. Treble,et al.  Report of the Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) Age Determination Workshop , 2008 .

[48]  F. Wilcoxon.  Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods , 1945 .

[49]  G. Rollefsen.  The Otholiths of the Cod - Preliminary Report , 1933 .

[50]  D. D'amours,et al.  Growth of Juvenile (0-Group) Atlantic Mackerel (Scombrus) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , 1990 .

[51]  P. Davies,et al.  Validation of aging and length black-calculation in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Rich., from Dee Lagoon, Tasmania , 1986 .

[52]  Hélène de Pontual,et al.  New insights on European hake biology and population dynamics from a sustained tagging effort in the Bay of Biscay , 2013 .

[53]  J. Magnússon,et al.  The Distribution, Relative Abundance, and Biology of the Deep-Sea Fishes of the Icelandic Slope and Reykjanes Ridge , 1995 .

[54]  J. Gueguen.  Croissance de la dorade, Pagellus Centrodontus DELAROCHE , 1969 .

[55]  C. Macer.  Some aspects of the biology of the horse mackerel [Trachurus trachurus (L.)] in waters around Britain , 1977 .

[56]  O. S. Kjesbu,et al.  The fate of vitellogenic follicles in experimentally monitored Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (L.): Application to stock assessment , 2010 .

[57]  R. Fablet,et al.  How do the organic and mineral fractions drive the opacity of fish otoliths? Insights using Raman microspectrometry , 2013 .

[58]  O. Bergstad.  Distribution, population structure, growth and reproduction of the roundnose grenadierCoryphaenoides rupestris (Pisces: Macrouridae) in the deep waters of the Skagerrak , 1990 .

[59]  B. Morales-Nin,et al.  Intra-annual recruitment events of a shelf species around an island system in the NW Mediterranean , 2009 .

[60]  Xinhua Zhu,et al.  Length Frequency Age Estimations of American Eel Recruiting to the Upper St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario , 2013 .

[61]  F. Saborido-Rey,et al.  Age and growth of redfish (Sebastes marinus, S. mentella, and S. fasciatus) on the Flemish Cap (Northwest Atlantic) , 2004 .

[62]  Sarah C. Swan,et al.  Validation of age readings from otoliths of juvenile roundnose grenadier, Coryphaenoides rupestris, a deep‐water macrourid fish , 1996 .

[63]  R. McBride.  Diagnosis of paired age agreement: a simulation of accuracy and precision effects , 2015 .

[64]  Age, growth and maturity in the chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782) from the Azores , 2002 .

[65]  R. Francis,et al.  Back‐calculation of fish length: a critical review , 1990 .

[66]  R. Carlucci,et al.  Distribution, population structure and dynamics of the black anglerfish (Lophius budegassa) (Spinola, 1987) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea , 2009 .

[67]  Juan Pablo Pertierra.  Crecimiento del boquerón (Engraulis encrasicholus, L. 1758) (Pisces Engraulidae) de la costa catalana (Mediterráneo noroccidental) , 1987 .

[68]  G. Petrakis,et al.  Aspects of the biology of blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) in the Ionian Sea, Greece , 2006 .

[69]  Stuart A. Reeves,et al.  A simulation study of the implications of age-reading errors for stock assessment and management advice , 2003 .

[70]  L. Gustafsson,et al.  In situ tagging of deep-sea redfish: application of an underwater, fish-tagging system , 2006 .

[71]  A. Cuttitta,et al.  Linking habitat conditions and growth in the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) , 2004 .

[72]  K. Hüssy,et al.  Slave to the rhythm: seasonal signals in otolith microchemistry reveal age of eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) , 2016 .

[73]  D. Kimura,et al.  Quality control of age data at the Alaska Fisheries Science Center , 2005 .

[74]  V. Tuset,et al.  Reproduction and growth of Aphanopus carbo and A. intermedius (Teleostei: Trichiuridae) in the northeastern Atlantic , 2013 .

[75]  K. Hüssy,et al.  Making the Otolith Magnesium Chemical Calendar-Clock Tick: Plausible Mechanism and Empirical Evidence , 2018 .

[76]  Cynthia M. Jones,et al.  Response of otolith microchemistry to environmental variations experienced by larval and juvenile Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) , 1997 .

[77]  P. Ré.  Evidence of daily and hourly growth in Pilchard larvae based on otolith growth increments, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) , 1984 .

[78]  K. Nedreaas.  Age determination of Northeast Atlantic Sebastes species , 1990 .

[79]  Etude de la croissance des baudroies, Lophius piscatorius et L.budegassa , de l'Atlantique nord-est obtenue a partir de l'illicium. , 1984 .

[80]  David C. Smith,et al.  Use of the bomb radiocarbon chronometer for age validation in the blue grenadier Macruronus novaezelandiae , 1997 .

[81]  A. Jurado‐Ruzafa,et al.  Age, growth and natural mortality of blue jack mackerel Trachurus picturatus (Carangidae) from the Canary Islands, Spain (NW Africa) , 2018, African Journal of Marine Science.

[82]  J. Kalish.  Pre- and post-bomb radiocarbon in fish otoliths , 1993 .

[83]  O. Godø,et al.  Growth Rate and Sexual Maturity in Cod (Gadus morhua) and Atlantic Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) , 1999 .

[84]  J. Landa,et al.  Growth of anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius and L. budegassa) in Atlantic Iberian waters , 2001 .

[85]  A. B. Bowers,et al.  Breeding and growth of whiting (Gadus merlangus L.) in Isle of Man Waters , 1954, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[86]  Guodong Guo,et al.  Age Estimation , 2015, Encyclopedia of Biometrics.

[87]  A. Ligas,et al.  Age determination and growth of juveniles of the European hake, Merluccius merluccius (L., 1758), in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea (NW Mediterranean) , 2006 .

[88]  J. Gil.  Biologia y pesca del voraz [Pagellus bogaraveo (Brünnich, 1768)] en el Estrecho de Gibraltar. , 2012 .

[89]  I. Priede,et al.  Movements and growth of monkfish Lophius piscatorius tagged at the Shetland Islands, northeastern Atlantic , 2005 .

[90]  J. Reinert,et al.  Intercalibration of age readings of ling (Molva molva L.) blue ling (Molva dipterygia Pennant, 1784) and tusk (Brosme brosme L.) , 1998 .

[91]  O. Bergstad,et al.  Ling, blue ling and tusk of the North-East Atlantic , 1996 .

[92]  J. Vasconcelos,et al.  Age and growth of the Atlantic chub mackerel Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789 off Madeira Island , 2011 .

[93]  K. Hüssy,et al.  Challenging ICES age estimation protocols: lessons learned from the eastern Baltic cod stock , 2016 .

[94]  P. Connolly,et al.  Age estimation, growth, maturity and distribution of the roundnose grenadier from the Rockall trough , 1997 .

[95]  H. Diogo,et al.  Life history parameters of blue jack mackerel Trachurus picturatus (Teleostei: Carangidae) from north-east Atlantic , 2014, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[96]  K. Hüssy.  Why is age determination of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) so difficult , 2010 .

[97]  S. Candy,et al.  Estimating an ageing error matrix for Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) otoliths using between-reader integer errors, readability scores, and continuation ratio models , 2012 .

[98]  Age, growth and natural mortality of Atlantic chub mackerel Scomber colias Gmelin 1789 (Perciformes: Scombridae), from Mauritania (NW Africa) , 2017 .

[99]  J. Vasconcelos,et al.  Age and growth of the blue jack mackerel, Trachurus picturatus Bowdich, 1825 (Pisces: Teleostei) off Madeira archipelago. , 2006 .

[100]  V. Sequeira,et al.  Identifying populations of the blue jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus) in the Northeast Atlantic by using geometric morphometrics and otolith shape analysis , 2017 .

[101]  B. Morales-Nin,et al.  Validation of daily increment formation in otoliths of juvenile and adult European anchovy , 2003 .

[102]  J. Modin,et al.  Guidelines and Tools for Age Reading Comparisons , 2000 .

[103]  B. Morales-Nin,et al.  Recruitment and post-settlement growth of juvenile Merluccius merluccius on the western Mediterranean shelf , 2004 .

[104]  S. Campana.  Otolith science entering the 21st century , 2005 .

[105]  K. Hüssy,et al.  Eastern Baltic cod in distress biological changes and challenges for stock assessment , 2015 .

[106]  B. Morales-Nin,et al.  Aspects of the early life history of European hake from the central Adriatic , 2000 .

[107]  R. Nash,et al.  Frequent skipped spawning in the world’s largest cod population , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[108]  S. Campana,et al.  Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods , 2001 .

[109]  Otolith oxygen and carbon stable isotopes in wild and laboratory-reared plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) , 2012, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[110]  C. Piñeiro,et al.  Tag and recapture of European hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) off the Northwest Iberian Peninsula: First results support fast growth hypothesis , 2007 .

[111]  E. Isidro,et al.  Comparative study on growth of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782) from three different regions: NW Mediterranean, NE and SW Atlantic , 2005 .

[112]  Judy Penttila,et al.  Age determination methods for Northwest Atlantic species , 1988 .

[113]  S. Campana,et al.  Age and growth of Greenland Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) in the Northwest Atlantic: A changing perception based on bomb radiocarbon analyses , 2016 .

[114]  K. Hüssy,et al.  The use of otolith microstructure to estimate age in adult Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. , 2010, Journal of fish biology.

[115]  H. Høie,et al.  Estimating the timing of growth rings in Atlantic cod otoliths using stable oxygen isotopes , 2006 .

[116]  M. R. Martins,et al.  Age and growth of black scabbardfish ( Aphanopus carbo Lowe, 1839) in the southern NE Atlantic , 2009 .

[117]  J. Landa,et al.  Megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis) growth in the North-eastern Atlantic based on back-calculation of otolith rings , 2000 .

[118]  C. Stransky,et al.  Radiometric age validation of golden redfish (Sebastes marinus) and deep-sea redfish (S. mentella) in the Northeast Atlantic , 2005 .

[119]  D. Kimura,et al.  Age determination manual of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center Age and Growth Program , 2012 .

[120]  E. Ferrero,et al.  Reproductive biology of scad, Trachurus mediterraneus (Teleostei, Carangidae), from the Gulf of Trieste , 1997 .

[121]  K. Hüssy,et al.  Using data storage tags to link otolith macro- structure in Baltic cod Gadus morhua with environmental conditions , 2009 .

[122]  X. Irigoien,et al.  Validation of daily increments deposition in the otoliths of European anchovy larvae (Engraulis encrasicolus L.) reared under different temperature conditions , 2008 .

[123]  E. Moksness,et al.  Distinguishing spring- and autumn-spawned herring larvae (Clupea harengus L.) by otolith microstructure , 1991 .

[124]  K. Limburg,et al.  Tracking Baltic hypoxia and cod migration over millennia with natural tags , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[125]  B. Morales-Nin,et al.  Setting up interpretation criteria for ageing juvenile european anchovy otoliths , 2008 .

[126]  L. Gordo,et al.  Growth and reproduction of horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus (carangidae) , 2003, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries.

[127]  S. Campana,et al.  Age determination, validation and growth of Grand Bank yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) , 2003 .

[128]  E. Moksness.  Validation of daily increments in the otolith microstructure of Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus L.) , 1992 .

[129]  J. M. Christensen.  Burning of Otoliths, a Technique for Age Determination of Soles and Other Fish , 1964 .

[130]  M. Cappo,et al.  A new approach to validation of the periodicity and timing of opaque zone formation in the otoliths of 11 Lutjanus species from the central Great Barrier Reef , 2000 .

[131]  B. Gillanders.  Using elemental chemistry of fish otoliths to determine connectivity between estuarine and coastal habitats , 2005 .

[132]  M. Kerstan,et al.  Age validation in horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) otoliths , 2001 .

[133]  F. Alemany,et al.  Formation of initial daily increments in sagittal otoliths of reared and wild Sardina pilchardus yolk-sac larvae , 1994 .

[134]  Jacques Panfi li.  Validation of age estimation and back-calculation of fi sh length based on otolith microstructures in tilapias ( Pisces , Cichlidae ) , 2001 .

[135]  D. Sahrhage.  Ein Beitrag zur Biologie des Stockers (Trachurus trachurus (L.)) in der Nordsee , 1970 .

[136]  Sarah C. Swan,et al.  A review of age estimation in macrourid fishes with new data on age validation of juveniles , 2001 .

[137]  S. Campana,et al.  Stock Discrimination Using Otolith Shape Analysis , 1993 .

[138]  M. C. Sainza-Sousa,et al.  Hake age estimation: state of the art and progress towards a solution , 2009 .

[139]  C. Walters,et al.  Quantitative fisheries stock assessment: Choice, dynamics and uncertainty , 2004, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries.

[140]  G. Cailliet,et al.  Radiometric age validation of the yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus) from southeastern Alaska , 2002 .

[141]  R. Fablet,et al.  Understanding otolith biomineralization processes: new insights into microscale spatial distribution of organic and mineral fractions from Raman microspectrometry , 2008, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[142]  J. Landa,et al.  Growth of white anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius) tagged in the Northeast Atlantic, and a review of age studies on anglerfish , 2008 .

[143]  J. Boje,et al.  Growth analysis and age validation of a deepwater Arctic fish, the Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) , 2008 .

[144]  G. Belloc.  Etude monographique du merlu. Merlucius merluccius L. (troisième partie) , 1929 .

[145]  R. Beamish,et al.  The Forgotten Requirement for Age Validation in Fisheries Biology , 1983 .

[146]  J. Landa,et al.  First estimates of age and growth of juvenile black anglerfish (Lophius budegassa), in north-eastern Atlantic waters , 2015 .

[147]  M. Cardinale,et al.  Potential use of otolith weight for the determination of age-structure of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) , 2000 .

[148]  M. Panfili.  Ecology of early life stages of small pelagic fishes Engraulis Encrasicolus and Sardina pilchardus in the Adriatic Sea , 2012 .

[149]  F. Velasco,et al.  Age and growth of anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius) on the Porcupine Bank (west of Ireland) based on illicia age estimation , 2013 .

[150]  J. Gordon,et al.  Verification of first annulus formation in the illicia and otoliths of white anglerfish, Lophius piscatorius using otolith microstructure , 2002 .

[151]  Joanne Smith.  Age validation of lemon sole (Microstomus kitt), using marginal increment analysis , 2014 .

[152]  A. Salberg,et al.  Towards Accurate Age Determination of Greenland Halibut , 2009 .

[153]  C. Fox,et al.  Otolith micro-increment formation in herring Clupea harengus larvae in relation to growth rate , 2003 .

[154]  C. Karlou-Riga.  Otolith morphology and age and growth of Trachurus mediterraneus (Steindachner) in the Eastern Mediterranean , 2000 .

[155]  Mark N. Maunder,et al.  COLERAINE: A Generalized Age-Structured Stock Assessment Model—User's Manual Version 2.0. , 2001 .

[156]  André E. Punt,et al.  Quantifying age-reading error for use in fisheries stock assessments, with application to species in Australia’s southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery , 2008 .

[157]  C. Hammer,et al.  Marking otoliths of Baltic cod (Gadus morhuaLinnaeus, 1758) with tetracycline and strontium chloride , 2018, Journal of Applied Ichthyology.

[158]  Hélène de Pontual,et al.  A pilot tagging experiment on European hake (Merluccius merluccius): methodology and preliminary results , 2003 .

[159]  A. Sinis,et al.  Age and growth of horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus (L.), in the Gulf of Saronikos (Greece) , 1997 .

[160]  B. Morales-Nin,et al.  Age and growth of the black scabbard fish (Aphanopus carbo) off Madeira , 1996 .

[161]  B. Morales-Nin,et al.  Growth rates of the anchovyEngraulis encrasicolus and the sardineSardina pilchardus in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea , 1990 .

[162]  E. Magnussen.  Interpopulation comparison of growth patterns of 14 fish species on Faroe Bank: are all fishes on the bank fast‐growing? , 2007 .

[163]  Ö. Cengiz.  Age, Growth, Mortality and Reproduction of the Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782) from Saros Bay (Northern Aegean Sea, Turkey) , 2012 .

[164]  Escola Superior de Agricultura,et al.  Contribuição para o conhecimento da Mi , 1960 .

[165]  Pablo Tapia Lagunas.  Data Quality Assurance of Research Publications - the Case of Malmö University Institutional Repository , 2012 .

[166]  S. Thorrold,et al.  Water, not food, contributes the majority of strontium and barium deposited in the otoliths of a marine fish , 2006 .

[167]  Rhona K. M. Smith.  Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 , 2015 .

[168]  G. Tserpes,et al.  Aspects on the demography of Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782) in the Hellenic Seas , 2000 .

[169]  J. Landa,et al.  On the biology and growth of the anglerfish Lophius budegassa Spinola, 1807 in the Spanish Mediterranean: A preliminary approach. , 2005 .