A review of late complications of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) is an effective and curative treatment of different malignant and non‐malignant diseases. Early transplant‐related mortality after allo‐HSCT has decreased with reduced‐intensity conditioning regimens and effective anti‐infectious treatments, but late transplant‐related mortality is still a problem. Physicians are now paying more attention to late complications that may worsen the quality of life of many transplant recipients. Chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) is one of the major causes of late transplant‐related mortality after allo‐HSCT. This review discusses recent advances that have been made in clinical evaluation and treatment of late transplant‐related complications including cGVHD. The different sites of involvement are organs, especially the skin and eye, and the gastrointestinal, endocrinologic, metabolic, renal, cardiologic, pulmonary, connective tissue, and neurological systems. In addition, this review includes infections and secondary malignancies in post‐transplant settings that worsen quality of life in long‐term follow‐ups.