Visuell evozierte Potentiale (VEP) und Elektroretinogramm (ERG)

Visuell evozierte Potentiale (VEP) sind nach adaquater retinaler Reizung uber dem okzipitalen Kortex abzuleiten. Sie gestatten in begrenztem Umfang eine atraumatische Untersuchung der Physiologie und Pathophysiologie des visuellen Systems. Die ersten Beobachtungen von Anderungen der elektrischen Hirnaktivitat nach visueller Reizung wurden von Caton im Tierversuch bei direkter kortikaler Ableitung 1875 und 1877 berichtet. Beim Menschen wurden analoge Phanomene erst mehr als 50 Jahre danach durch Adrian u. Matthews (1934) entdeckt. Sie stellten Anderungen des okzipitalen Alpha-Rhythmus bei Flickerlichtstimulation fest, ein Effekt, der seither als “photic driving” bekannt ist. Da die lichtinduzierten Elektroenzephalogramm-(EEG-)Antworten in ihrer Amplitude kleiner als der Alpharhythmus sind, konnten sie damals nicht sicher von der EEG-Grundaktivitat getrennt und quantifiziert werden. Erst die Einfuhrung der Summations- und Mittelungstechnik, die Dawson 1954 zunachst fur die somatosensorisch evozierten Potentiale (SEP) entwickelt hatte, ermoglichte es, das VEP aus der Grundtatigkeit des EEG hervorzuheben. Die Methoden zur Evozierung visueller Potentiale und deren Auswertung wurden in den letzten Jahren v. a. im englischsprachigen Raum mehrfach zusammenfassend beschrieben, an dieser Stelle sei auf einige Standardwerke verwiesen (Regan 1988; Chiappa 1990; Celesia 1993).

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