Target-responsive "sweet" hydrogel with glucometer readout for portable and quantitative detection of non-glucose targets.

Portable devices with the advantages of rapid, on-site, user-friendly, and cost-effective assessment are widely applied in daily life. However, only a limited number of quantitative portable devices are commercially available, among which the personal glucose meter (PGM) is the most successful example and has been the most widely used. However, PGMs can detect only blood glucose as the unique target. Here we describe a novel design that combines a glucoamylase-trapped aptamer-cross-linked hydrogel with a PGM for portable and quantitative detection of non-glucose targets. Upon target introduction, the hydrogel collapses to release glucoamylase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of amylose to produce a large amount of glucose for quantitative readout by the PGM. With the advantages of low cost, rapidity, portability, and ease of use, the method reported here has the potential to be used by the public for portable and quantitative detection of a wide range of non-glucose targets.

[1]  Emanuel Carrilho,et al.  Paper-based analytical device for electrochemical flow-injection analysis of glucose in urine. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[2]  Zhenpeng Qin,et al.  Significantly improved analytical sensitivity of lateral flow immunoassays by using thermal contrast. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[3]  S. Bell,et al.  Quantitative surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. , 2008, Chemical Society reviews.

[4]  Kristen L. Helton,et al.  Microfluidic Overview of Global Health Issues Microfluidic Diagnostic Technologies for Global Public Health , 2006 .

[5]  D. Stoll,et al.  Perspectives on recent advances in the speed of high-performance liquid chromatography. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[6]  P Kintz,et al.  Simultaneous determination of opiates, cocaine and major metabolites of cocaine in human hair by gas chromotography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). , 1995, Forensic science international.

[7]  J. Pazur,et al.  The action of an amyloglucosidase of Aspergillus niger on starch and malto-oligosaccharides. , 1959, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[8]  Emanuel Carrilho,et al.  Paper-based ELISA. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[9]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[10]  Xiaoling Zhang,et al.  An aptamer cross-linked hydrogel as a colorimetric platform for visual detection. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[11]  Chad A. Mirkin,et al.  Drivers of biodiagnostic development , 2009, Nature.

[12]  B. Mikami,et al.  Structural and Enzymatic Analysis of Soybean β-Amylase Mutants with Increased pH Optimum* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[13]  Xiang Zhou,et al.  Highly effective colorimetric and visual detection of nucleic acids using an asymmetrically split peroxidase DNAzyme. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[14]  Yi Lu,et al.  Using personal glucose meters and functional DNA sensors to quantify a variety of analytical targets. , 2011, Nature chemistry.

[15]  P. Brown,et al.  Performance of a pentafluorophenylpropyl stationary phase for the electrospray ionization high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry assay of cocaine and its metabolite ecgonine methyl ester in human urine. , 2000, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications.

[16]  W. Tan,et al.  Engineering target-responsive hydrogels based on aptamer-target interactions. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[17]  G. Patonay,et al.  Molecular fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence spectrometry. , 1988, Analytical chemistry.

[18]  S. Paterson,et al.  Simultaneous quantification of opiates, amphetamines, cocaine and metabolites and diazepam and metabolite in a single hair sample using GC-MS. , 2007, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[19]  Hyun Gyu Park,et al.  A touchscreen as a biomolecule detection platform. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[20]  M. Moeller,et al.  Simultaneous determination of drugs of abuse (opiates, cocaine and amphetamine) in human hair by GC/MS and its application to a methadone treatment program. , 1993, Forensic science international.

[21]  Yi Lu,et al.  Portable and quantitative detection of protein biomarkers and small molecular toxins using antibodies and ubiquitous personal glucose meters. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[22]  Y. Xia,et al.  An LC-MS-MS method for the comprehensive analysis of cocaine and cocaine metabolites in meconium. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[23]  K. Matsubara,et al.  Quantitation of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester by GC-CI-SIM after Extrelut extraction. , 1984, Forensic science international.

[24]  S. Pluschkell,et al.  Optimization of glucose oxidase production by Aspergillus niger using genetic-and process-engineering techniques , 1995, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[25]  Guozhen Fang,et al.  Applications and recent developments of multi-analyte simultaneous analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. , 2011, Journal of immunological methods.

[26]  Kevin W Plaxco,et al.  Rapid, sensitive, and quantitative detection of pathogenic DNA at the point of care through microfluidic electrochemical quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[27]  S. Terabe,et al.  On-line sample preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis. Fundamentals and applications. , 2008, Journal of chromatography. A.

[28]  Bing Sun,et al.  Multiplexed quantification of nucleic acids with large dynamic range using multivolume digital RT-PCR on a rotational SlipChip tested with HIV and hepatitis C viral load. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[29]  Yi Lu,et al.  Using commercially available personal glucose meters for portable quantification of DNA. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[30]  R. Aebersold,et al.  Mass spectrometry in proteomics. , 2001, Chemical reviews.

[31]  Robert Huber,et al.  Hyperthermostabilization of Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase and modulation of its stability over a 50°C temperature range , 2003 .

[32]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Patterned paper as a platform for inexpensive, low-volume, portable bioassays. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[33]  L. Gervais,et al.  Microfluidic Chips for Point‐of‐Care Immunodiagnostics , 2011, Advanced materials.

[34]  Vijay Srinivasan,et al.  Development of a digital microfluidic platform for point of care testing. , 2008, Lab on a chip.

[35]  Yi Xiao,et al.  Colorimetric detection of DNA, small molecules, proteins, and ions using unmodified gold nanoparticles and conjugated polyelectrolytes , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[36]  David E. Williams,et al.  Point of care diagnostics: status and future. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[37]  A. Verstraete,et al.  Detection Times of Drugs of Abuse in Blood, Urine, and Oral Fluid , 2004, Therapeutic drug monitoring.

[38]  S. Richardson,et al.  Environmental mass spectrometry: emerging contaminants and current issues. , 2002, Analytical Chemistry.

[39]  A. Gertler,et al.  PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A β-AMYLASE FROM SOYA BEANS , 1965 .

[40]  William J. Griffiths,et al.  Mass spectrometry: from proteomics to metabolomics and lipidomics. , 2009, Chemical Society reviews.

[41]  P. Fernández,et al.  GC‐FID determination of cocaine and its metabolites in human bile and vitreous humor , 2006, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[42]  Ren Sun,et al.  Genetic analysis of H1N1 influenza virus from throat swab samples in a microfluidic system for point-of-care diagnostics. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.