Firearm Discharge Residue: Analysis of

Analysis of firearm discharge residues (FDR) on relevant exhibits can assist in reconstruction of a crime and might provide evidence against suspects involved. This article discusses the detection and analysis of primer residues (GSR), detection and analysis of gunpowder (propellant) residues, techniques of associating firearms and ammunition with gunshot entries, and estimation of the time since shooting. Keywords: firearm discharge residues (FDR); gunshot residue (GSR); gunpowder residue; SEM/EDX; bullet analysis; time since discharge

[1]  Peter F. Jones,et al.  Particle Analysis for the Detection of Gunshot Residue. I: Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Characterization of Hand Deposits from Firing , 1979 .

[2]  M. Almond,et al.  Stubs Versus Swabs? A Comparison of Gunshot Residue Collection Techniques , 2010, Journal of forensic sciences.

[3]  T. Norberg,et al.  Time Since Discharge of Shotguns , 1998 .

[4]  T Jalanti,et al.  The persistence of gunshot residue on shooters' hands. , 1999, Science & justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society.

[5]  J. Andrasko,et al.  Time since discharge of spent cartridges , 1999 .

[6]  A. Zeichner.  Is there a real danger of concealing gunshot residue (GSR) particles by skin debris using the tape-lift method for sampling GSR from hands? , 2001, Journal of forensic sciences.

[7]  B. Charpentier,et al.  Analysis of primer residue from lead free ammunition by X-ray microfluorescence. , 2000, Journal of forensic sciences.

[8]  M. Steinberg,et al.  Characterization of Gunshot Residues by X-Ray Diffraction , 1982 .

[9]  P. Kolár,et al.  Distribution of GSR particles in the surroundings of shooting pistol , 2003 .

[10]  R. Koons,et al.  Compositional variation in bullet lead manufacture. , 2002, Journal of forensic sciences.

[11]  J. Andrasko,et al.  Time since discharge of pistols and revolvers. , 2003, Journal of forensic sciences.

[12]  K. Kudo,et al.  A simple method for detection of gunshot residue particles from hands, hair, face, and clothing using scanning electron microscopy/wavelength dispersive X-ray (SEM/WDX). , 2001, Journal of forensic sciences.

[13]  F Taroni,et al.  Probabilistic evidential assessment of gunshot residue particle evidence (Part I): likelihood ratio calculation and case pre-assessment using Bayesian networks. , 2009, Forensic science international.

[14]  R. Curini,et al.  LC–MS–MS Determination of Stabilizers and Explosives Residues in Hand-Swabs , 2008 .

[15]  T. Kmječ,et al.  Time periods of GSR particles deposition after discharge-final results. , 2005, Forensic science international.

[16]  R. Koons,et al.  Determination of Barium in Gunshot Residue Collection Swabs Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry , 1988 .

[17]  David M. Northrop.  Gunshot Residue Analysis by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Electrophoresis: Assessment for Application to Casework. Part II , 2001 .

[18]  P. V. Mosher,et al.  Gunshot residue-similar particles produced by fireworks , 1998 .

[19]  F Taroni,et al.  Probabilistic evidential assessment of gunshot residue particle evidence (Part II): Bayesian parameter estimation for experimental count data. , 2011, Forensic science international.

[20]  A. Zeichner,et al.  Collection Efficiency of Gunshot Residue (GSR) Particles from Hair and Hands Using Double-Side Adhesive Tape , 1993 .

[21]  J Andrasko,et al.  Time since discharge of rifles. , 2000, Journal of forensic sciences.

[22]  Z. Oommen,et al.  Lead‐Free Primer Residues: A Qualitative Characterization of Winchester WinClean™, Remington/UMC LeadLess™, Federal BallistiClean™, and Speer Lawman CleanFire™ Handgun Ammunition * , 2006, Journal of forensic sciences.

[23]  Claudio Ciampini,et al.  A proposal for statistical evaluation of the detection of gunshot residues on a suspect. , 2006, Scanning.

[24]  Steffen Uhlig,et al.  Maintenance of the ENFSI proficiency test program on identification of GSR by SEM/EDX (GSR2003). , 2005, Journal of forensic sciences.

[25]  W. Tobin,et al.  A Metallurgical Review of the Interpretation of Bullet Lead Compositional Analysis , 2001, Forensic science international.

[26]  D A Stoney,et al.  What made us ever think we could individualize using statistics? , 1991, Journal - Forensic Science Society.

[27]  A. Zeichner,et al.  A novel method for extraction and analysis of gunpowder residues on double-side adhesive coated stubs. , 2004, Journal of forensic sciences.

[28]  L. Gunaratnam,et al.  The Identification of Gunshot Residue Particles from Lead-Free Sintox Ammunition , 1994 .

[29]  Robert E Berk,et al.  Automated SEM/EDS Analysis of Airbag Residue. * I: Particle Identification , 2009, Journal of forensic sciences.

[30]  J. Andrasko,et al.  A simple method for collection of gunshot residues from clothing. , 1991, Journal - Forensic Science Society.

[31]  Francesco Saverio Romolo,et al.  Analysis of organic volatile residues in 9 mm spent cartridges. , 2009, Forensic science international.

[32]  G. M. Wolten,et al.  On the Mechanism of Gunshot Residue Particle Formation , 1980 .

[33]  A. Bolck,et al.  Comparison of GSR Composition Occurring at Different Locations Around the Firing Position , 2010, Journal of forensic sciences.

[34]  A. Zeichner,et al.  Concentration Techniques for the Detection of Gunshot Residues by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM/EDX) , 1989 .

[35]  J W Kilty,et al.  Activity after shooting and its effect on the retention of primer residue. , 1975, Journal of forensic sciences.

[36]  David L Duewer,et al.  Associating gunpowder and residues from commercial ammunition using compositional analysis. , 2002, Journal of forensic sciences.

[37]  A. Zeichner,et al.  Vacuum collection of gunpowder residues from clothing worn by shooting suspects, and their analysis by GC/TEA, IMS, and GC/MS. , 2003, Journal of forensic sciences.

[38]  M. Houck,et al.  A survey of gunshot residue analysis methods. , 1996, Journal of forensic sciences.

[39]  J. I. Thornton.  The chemistry of death by gunshot , 1994 .

[40]  A Zeichner,et al.  Casework experience of GSR detection in Israel, on samples from hands, hair, and clothing using an autosearch SEM/EDX system. , 1995, Journal of forensic sciences.

[41]  A. Zeichner,et al.  Gunshot Residue Particles Formed by Using Different Types of Ammunition in the Same Firearm , 1991 .

[42]  Robert E Berk,et al.  Automated SEM/EDS Analysis of Airbag Residue. II: Airbag Residue as a Source of Percussion Primer Residue Particles , 2009, Journal of forensic sciences.

[43]  C. Lennard,et al.  Evaluation of X-ray microfluorescence spectrometry for the elemental analysis of firearm discharge residues , 1998 .

[44]  R. M. King,et al.  The Work of the Explosives & Gunshot Residues Unit of the Forensic Science Service (UK) , 1993 .

[45]  J. D. Wilson,et al.  Time since discharge of shotgun shells. , 2003, Journal of forensic sciences.

[46]  B. Caddy,et al.  GUNSHOT RESIDUE ANALYSIS : A REVIEW , 1997 .

[47]  A. Zeichner,et al.  Application of lead isotope analysis in shooting incident investigations. , 2006, Forensic science international.

[48]  N. Unceta,et al.  Unambiguous characterization of gunshot residue particles using scanning laser ablation and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[49]  W. Maccrehan,et al.  Investigating the effect of changing ammunition on the composition of organic additives in gunshot residue (OGSR). , 2001, Journal of forensic sciences.

[50]  Nadav Levin,et al.  More on the Uniqueness of Gunshot Residue (GSR) Particles , 1997 .

[51]  A. Pinto,et al.  SEM/EDS analysis and characterization of gunshot residues from Brazilian lead-free ammunition. , 2008, Forensic science international.

[52]  P Margot,et al.  Identification of gunshot residue: a critical review. , 2001, Forensic science international.

[53]  Oliver Dalby,et al.  Analysis of Gunshot Residue and Associated Materials—A Review , 2010, Journal of forensic sciences.

[54]  A. Zeichner.  Recent developments in methods of chemical analysis in investigations of firearm-related events , 2003, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[55]  Raymond O. Keto,et al.  Analysis and Comparison of Bullet Leads by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry , 1999 .

[56]  L. Halicz,et al.  Isotope-ratio measurements of lead in NIST standard reference materials by multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , 2001, Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry.

[57]  J. Coumbaros,et al.  Glass-containing gunshot residue particles: a new type of highly characteristic particle? , 2003, Journal of forensic sciences.

[58]  Meng-Qiang Zhao,et al.  Desorption Electrospray Tandem MS (DESI‐MSMS) Analysis of Methyl Centralite and Ethyl Centralite as Gunshot Residues on Skin and Other Surfaces , 2008, Journal of forensic sciences.

[59]  J. S. Wallace,et al.  Discharge Residues from Cartridge-operated Industrial Tools , 1984 .

[60]  C. Rodrigues,et al.  A new method for collection and identification of gunshot residues from the hands of shooters. , 2003, Journal of forensic sciences.

[61]  Annalivia Harris.  Analysis of Primer Residue from CCI Blazer® Lead Free Ammunition by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray , 1995 .

[62]  S. Basu.  Formation of Gunshot Residues , 1982 .

[63]  J. Yinon,et al.  Identification of nitrate ester explosives by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. , 2002, Journal of chromatography. A.

[64]  Z. Brożek-Mucha.  Distribution and properties of gunshot residue originating from a Luger 9 mm ammunition in the vicinity of the shooting gun. , 2009, Forensic science international.

[65]  J. Andrasko.  Characterization of Smokeless Powder Flakes from Fired Cartridge Cases and from Discharge Patterns on Clothing , 1992 .

[66]  L. Garofano,et al.  Gunshot residue: Further studies on particles of environmental and occupational origin , 1999 .

[67]  P. Touron,et al.  Comparison of bullet alloys by chemical analysis: use of ICP–MS method , 1998 .

[68]  R. Koons.  Analysis of Gunshot Primer Residue Collection Swabs by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry , 1998 .