A state-of-the-art review on energy consumption and quality characteristics in metal additive manufacturing processes

This paper aims to study the energy consumption and quality characteristics of the parts fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) technologies with a special focus on metal AM processes. AM is a family of manufacturing techniques, which is broadly used to fabricate complex and lightweight structures. The energy savings during AM processes have a significant influence on the AM industry, only if the quality of the fabricated part meets the requirements. The quality is generally represented by the surface and dimensional quality, mechanical properties, relative density, hardness, etc. The energy saving is important for environmentally benign and cleaner production, and improved product quality is useful for its application as a functional part in the aerospace, automobile, and biomedical industries. A comprehensive review of the energy consumption and quality characteristics of AM-fabricated (with special focus on metal AM) parts was carried out. Firstly, the specific energy consumption of various AM techniques has been reviewed to address the importance of energy and cleaner production. Then, the qualifications of products fabricated by different metal AM techniques have been discussed for different materials, such as titanium alloys, steel alloys, nickel alloys, and aluminum alloys. Also, by considering the practical importance of thin-walled structures fabricated by AM, a detailed analysis of their qualification has been presented. Moreover, different optimization techniques have also been reviewed for various AM process parameters and objectives. Overall, this paper provides an overview of AM, including a survey on the energy consumption and quality characteristics with the development of AM technologies for manufacturing of quality products. Finally, several future research directions are suggested, specifically the need for a framework for metal AM processes for the fabrication of quality products with minimum energy consumption.

[1]  Wang Lingling,et al.  Optimizing process parameters for selective laser sintering based on neural network and genetic algorithm , 2009 .

[2]  Yi Zhang,et al.  Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Materials: A Review , 2017, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance.

[3]  Pulak M. Pandey,et al.  Statistical modelling and optimization of surface roughness in the selective laser sintering process , 2007 .

[4]  David L. Bourell,et al.  Sustainability issues in laser-based additive manufacturing , 2010 .

[5]  Jianhua Zhao,et al.  Slurry Erosion Behavior of AlxCoCrFeNiTi0.5 High-Entropy Alloy Coatings Fabricated by Laser Cladding , 2018 .

[6]  Jack Howarth,et al.  A design of experiments approach for the optimisation of energy and waste during the production of parts manufactured by 3D printing , 2016 .

[7]  Bernhard Mueller,et al.  Additive Manufacturing Technologies – Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing , 2012 .

[8]  Richard H. Crawford,et al.  Computational quality measures for evaluation of part orientation in freeform fabrication , 1997 .

[9]  S. Nai,et al.  The role of powder layer thickness on the quality of SLM printed parts , 2018, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering.

[10]  A. Esnaola,et al.  Study of mechanical properties of AISI 316 stainless steel processed by “selective laser melting”, following different manufacturing strategies , 2010 .

[11]  Joseph Sarkis,et al.  Quantitative models for managing supply chain risks: A review , 2015, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[12]  Ming-Chuan Leu,et al.  Additive manufacturing: technology, applications and research needs , 2013, Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering.

[13]  Nasir Hayat,et al.  Rapid development of complex shaped customized products , 2015 .

[14]  Karina Rodriguez-Echavarria,et al.  Adaptive voids , 2015, The Visual Computer.

[15]  Ming Gao,et al.  Effects of processing parameters on tensile properties of selective laser melted 304 stainless steel , 2013 .

[16]  Srinivasa Prakash Regalla,et al.  Multi-objective optimisation of strength and volumetric shrinkage of FDM parts , 2014 .

[17]  Alexander Kirchner,et al.  Electron Beam Melting of Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.7Cr-0.3Si: Feasibility investigation , 2016 .

[18]  L. Murr,et al.  Comparison of the microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V fabricated by selective laser melting and electron beam melting , 2016 .

[19]  Wim Dewulf,et al.  Methodology for systematic analysis and improvement of manufacturing unit process life cycle inventory (UPLCI) CO2PE! initiative (cooperative effort on process emissions in manufacturing). Part 2: case studies , 2012, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.

[20]  Isaev Alexander,et al.  Machining of Thin-walled Parts Produced by Additive Manufacturing Technologies , 2016 .

[21]  Eleonora Atzeni,et al.  Overview on Additive Manufacturing Technologies , 2017, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[22]  David L. Bourell,et al.  Sustainability of additive manufacturing: measuring the energy consumption of the laser sintering process , 2011 .

[23]  Tao Peng,et al.  A framework for big data driven process analysis and optimization for additive manufacturing , 2019, Rapid Prototyping Journal.

[24]  An Hua Peng,et al.  Process-Parameter Optimization for Fused Deposition Modeling Based on Taguchi Method , 2012 .

[25]  Leroy Cronin,et al.  Combining 3D printing and liquid handling to produce user-friendly reactionware for chemical synthesis and purification , 2013 .

[26]  Nicolas Perry,et al.  Energy consumption model of Binder-jetting additive manufacturing processes , 2015 .

[27]  P. Kobryn,et al.  Mechanical Properties of Laser-Deposited Ti-6Al-4V , 2001 .

[28]  Richard M. Everson,et al.  A new approach to the design and optimisation of support structures in additive manufacturing , 2013 .

[29]  Paul Mativenga,et al.  Direct Electrical Energy Demand in Fused Deposition Modelling , 2014 .

[30]  Syed H. Masood,et al.  A Generic Part Orientation System Based on Volumetric Error in Rapid Prototyping , 2002 .

[31]  Ratnadeep Paul,et al.  Optimization of layered manufacturing process for reducing form errors with minimal support structures , 2015 .

[32]  Zhiheng Hu,et al.  Selective laser melting of high strength Al–Cu–Mg alloys: Processing, microstructure and mechanical properties , 2016 .

[33]  Caterina Casavola,et al.  Preliminary investigation on distribution of residual stress generated by the selective laser melting process , 2009 .

[34]  A. Addison,et al.  Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing , 2016 .

[35]  Irem Y. Tumer,et al.  Surface Characterization of Polycarbonate Parts from Selective Laser Sintering , 1995 .

[36]  Sujit Das,et al.  Energy and emissions saving potential of additive manufacturing: the case of lightweight aircraft components , 2016 .

[37]  C. J. Luis Pérez,et al.  Geometric roughness analysis in solid free-form manufacturing processes , 2001 .

[38]  António Completo,et al.  A systematic approach for an accuracy level using rapid prototyping technologies , 2012 .

[39]  Ming Gao,et al.  The microstructure and mechanical properties of deposited-IN718 by selective laser melting , 2012 .

[40]  Li Peng,et al.  Direct laser fabrication of thin-walled metal parts under open-loop control , 2007 .

[41]  David W. Rosen,et al.  Usage of accuracy models in stereolithography process planning , 2000 .

[42]  B. Stucker,et al.  Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Parts Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting and Electron Beam Melting , 2013, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance.

[43]  P. Gurrala,et al.  Influence of temperature on polymer parts manufactured by fused deposition modeling process , 2019, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering.

[44]  Godfrey C. Onwubolu,et al.  Fused deposition modelling (FDM) process parameter prediction and optimization using group method for data handling (GMDH) and differential evolution (DE) , 2014 .

[45]  P. Lipinski,et al.  Development and mechanical characterization of porous titanium bone substitutes. , 2012, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[46]  Weibiao Zhou,et al.  An Overview of 3D Printing Technologies for Food Fabrication , 2015, Food and Bioprocess Technology.

[47]  A. Franco,et al.  Characterization of laser energy consumption in sintering of polymer based powders , 2012 .

[48]  M. Savalani,et al.  Selective Laser Melting of Magnesium for Future Applications in Medicine , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Manufacturing Automation.

[49]  A. Majeed,et al.  Surface quality improvement by parameters analysis, optimization and heat treatment of AlSi10Mg parts manufactured by SLM additive manufacturing , 2019 .

[50]  Massimo Martorelli,et al.  Surface roughness visualisation for rapid prototyping models , 2002, Comput. Aided Des..

[51]  Songlin Zhuang,et al.  A review of 3D-printed sensors , 2017 .

[52]  Kamran Mumtaz,et al.  Top surface and side roughness of Inconel 625 parts processed using selective laser melting , 2009 .

[53]  Moataz M. Attallah,et al.  Fabrication of large Ti–6Al–4V structures by direct laser deposition , 2015 .

[54]  Y. Song,et al.  Experimental Study of the Basic Process Mechanism for Direct Selective Laser Sintering of Low-Melting Metallic Powder , 1997 .

[55]  David W. Rosen,et al.  Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing , 2009 .

[56]  Andrew Y. C. Nee,et al.  Multi‐objective optimization of part‐ building orientation in stereolithography , 1995 .

[57]  R. Long,et al.  The influence of scanning methods on the cracking failure of thin-wall metal parts fabricated by laser direct deposition shaping , 2016 .

[58]  Renaldi Renaldi,et al.  Environmental impact modeling of selective laser sintering processes , 2014 .

[59]  K. Abdel Ghany,et al.  Comparison between the products of four RPM systems for metals , 2006 .

[60]  Guangshen Xu,et al.  Research on Optimizing Build Parameters for Stereolithography Technology , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation.

[61]  Kamran Mumtaz,et al.  Laser melting functionally graded composition of Waspaloy® and Zirconia powders , 2007 .

[62]  F. Liu.  Synthesis of bioceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by rapid prototyping technique , 2012, Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology.

[63]  Ratnadeep Paul,et al.  Process energy analysis and optimization in selective laser sintering , 2012 .

[64]  Julien Gardan,et al.  Additive manufacturing technologies: state of the art and trends , 2016 .

[65]  Jeremy Faludi,et al.  Comparing Environmental Impacts of Additive Manufacturing vs. Traditional Machining via Life-Cycle Assessment , 2015 .

[66]  Yaoyao Fiona Zhao,et al.  Energy and Material Flow Analysis of Binder-jetting Additive Manufacturing Processes , 2014 .

[67]  K. Wegener,et al.  High temperature material properties of IN738LC processed by selective laser melting (SLM) technology , 2013 .

[68]  T. Özel,et al.  Influence of scan strategy and process parameters on microstructure and its optimization in additively manufactured nickel alloy 625 via laser powder bed fusion , 2016, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.

[69]  Shailendra Kumar,et al.  Prediction of tensile strength of 3D printed part using response surface methodology , 2018, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering.

[70]  Jennifer Rowley,et al.  Conducting a literature review , 2004 .

[71]  Richard M. Everson,et al.  Optimisation of quality and energy consumption for additive layer manufacturing processes , 2010 .

[72]  Slavko Dolinsek,et al.  Microstructure and Mechanical Characteristics of DMLS Tool-Inserts , 2009 .

[73]  Krzysztof J. Kurzydłowski,et al.  Microstructural characterisation of high-entropy alloy AlCoCrFeNi fabricated by laser engineered net shaping , 2015 .

[74]  Aditya Singh Rathore,et al.  Don't Forget Your Electricity Bills!: An Empirical Study of Characterizing Energy Consumption of 3D Printers , 2016, APSys.

[75]  L. Froyen,et al.  Binding Mechanisms in Selective Laser Sintering and Selective Laser Melting , 2004 .

[76]  Chee Kai Chua,et al.  Graded microstructure and mechanical properties of additive manufactured Ti–6Al–4V via electron beam melting , 2015 .

[77]  Manfred J. Hampe,et al.  Selective laser melting for manufacturing of thin-walled porous elements , 2015 .

[78]  L. Ladani,et al.  Optimizing Quality of Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 Using Powder Bed Laser Melting Process , 2016 .

[79]  J. Beaman,et al.  Model of the selective laser sintering of bisphenol-A polycarbonate , 1993 .

[80]  M. Sobih,et al.  Multi-Objective Optimization for Alumina Laser Sintering Process , 2016 .

[81]  Wim Dewulf,et al.  Methodology for systematic analysis and improvement of manufacturing unit process life cycle inventory (UPLCI) Part 1: Methodology Description , 2011 .

[82]  Vojislav Petrovic,et al.  Additive layered manufacturing: sectors of industrial application shown through case studies , 2011 .

[83]  S. Jeschke,et al.  Integrative Production Technology for High-wage Countries , 2012 .

[84]  C. Körner,et al.  Additive manufacturing of metallic components by selective electron beam melting — a review , 2016 .

[85]  T. Sercombe,et al.  Selective laser melting of aluminium and aluminium metal matrix composites: review , 2016 .

[86]  Mohammad Nazrul Islam,et al.  Comparison of dimensional accuracies of stereolithography and powder binder printing , 2017 .

[87]  Simranpreet Singh Gill,et al.  Comparative Study of 3D Printing Technologies for Rapid Casting of Aluminium Alloy , 2009 .

[88]  P. Martins,et al.  Formability of a wire arc deposited aluminium alloy , 2017 .

[89]  Claus Emmelmann,et al.  Process and Mechanical Properties: Applicability of a Scandium modified Al-alloy for Laser Additive Manufacturing , 2011 .

[90]  Michael F. Zaeh,et al.  Investigations on Manufacturability and Process Reliability of Selective Laser Melting , 2013 .

[91]  C. Sanz,et al.  Structural integrity of direct metal laser sintered parts subjected to thermal and finishing treatments , 2013 .

[92]  Gideon Levy,et al.  Influence of the particle size distribution on surface quality and mechanical properties in AM steel parts , 2011 .

[93]  K. Kellens,et al.  Sustainability of additive manufacturing: An overview on its energy demand and environmental impact , 2018 .

[94]  Wim Dewulf,et al.  Environmental analysis of SLM and SLS manufacturing processes , 2010 .

[95]  Fude Wang.  Mechanical property study on rapid additive layer manufacture Hastelloy® X alloy by selective laser melting technology , 2012 .

[96]  B. Brown,et al.  Characterization of bulk to thin wall mechanical response transition in powder bed AM , 2016 .

[97]  Daljeet Singh,et al.  Synthesis, characterization, and bioactivity investigation of biomimetic biodegradable PLA scaffold fabricated by fused filament fabrication process , 2019, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering.

[98]  P. M. Pandey,et al.  Optimal part deposition orientation in FDM by using a multicriteria genetic algorithm , 2004 .

[99]  J. Fuh,et al.  Effect of Porosity on Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Polymers: Experiments and Micromechanical Modeling Based on X-ray Computed Tomography Analysis , 2019, Polymers.

[100]  T. Ganesan,et al.  An Algorithmic Framework for Multiobjective Optimization , 2013, TheScientificWorldJournal.

[101]  Jingxiang Lv,et al.  Enhancement of tool life in drilling of hardened AISI 4340 steel using 3D FEM modeling , 2018 .

[102]  Reinhart Poprawe,et al.  Densification behavior, microstructure evolution, and wear performance of selective laser melting processed commercially pure titanium , 2012 .

[103]  Richard M. Everson,et al.  Multi-objective optimization of selective laser sintering processes for surface quality and energy saving , 2011 .

[104]  Joshua M. Pearce,et al.  Environmental Impacts of Distributed Manufacturing from 3-D Printing of Polymer Components and Products , 2013 .

[105]  Jean-Pierre Kruth,et al.  Direct Selective Laser Sintering of Hard Metal Powders: Experimental Study and Simulation , 2002 .

[106]  R. Poprawe,et al.  Selective laser melting of aluminum die-cast alloy—Correlations between process parameters, solidification conditions, and resulting mechanical properties , 2015 .

[107]  J. Kruth,et al.  Changing the alloy composition of Al7075 for better processability by selective laser melting , 2016 .

[108]  S. S. Pande,et al.  Optimum part orientation in Rapid Prototyping using genetic algorithm , 2012 .

[109]  F. Klocke,et al.  Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing , 2007 .

[110]  Paul A. Colegrove,et al.  Microstructure and residual stress improvement in wire and arc additively manufactured parts through high-pressure rolling , 2013 .

[111]  Sung-Hoon Ahn,et al.  A comparison of energy consumption in bulk forming, subtractive, and additive processes: Review and case study , 2014 .

[112]  Jerry Y. H. Fuh,et al.  An intelligent parameter selection system for the direct metal laser sintering process , 2004 .

[113]  Nicola Senin,et al.  Surface texture metrology for metal additive manufacturing: a review , 2016 .

[114]  Ian A. Ashcroft,et al.  Transparency Built‐in , 2013 .

[115]  P. Jain,et al.  Additive manufacturing of flexible electrically conductive polymer composites via CNC-assisted fused layer modeling process , 2018 .

[116]  Satyandra K. Gupta,et al.  Selecting a Design-Stage Energy Estimation Approach for Manufacturing Processes , 2011 .

[117]  J. Kruth,et al.  The investigation of the influence of laser re‐melting on density, surface quality and microstructure of selective laser melting parts , 2011 .

[118]  Jianzhen Li,et al.  The Current Landscape for Additive Manufacturing Research , 2016 .

[119]  Brian Stephen Wong,et al.  Measurement and characterization of porosity in aluminium selective laser melting parts using X-ray CT , 2015 .

[120]  L. Di Angelo,et al.  Surface quality prediction in FDM additive manufacturing , 2017 .

[121]  Yu Wang,et al.  Thermal fatigue behavior of an iron-based laser sintered material , 2009 .

[122]  F. Calignano,et al.  Influence of process parameters on surface roughness of aluminum parts produced by DMLS , 2012, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.

[123]  Yung C. Shin,et al.  Remanufacturing of turbine blades by laser direct deposition with its energy and environmental impact analysis , 2014 .

[124]  Zhijian G. Lu,et al.  Microstructural characteristics and formation mechanism of direct laser-sintered Cu-based alloys reinforced with Ni particles , 2009 .

[125]  Yingfeng Zhang,et al.  An investigation into the influence of processing parameters on the surface quality of AlSi10Mg parts by SLM process , 2019, 2019 16th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST).

[126]  Yusheng Shi,et al.  Selective laser melting of carbon/AlSi10Mg composites: Microstructure, mechanical and electronical properties , 2016 .

[127]  Juan Manuel Jauregui Becker,et al.  How Additive Manufacturing Enables more Sustainable End-user Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) Strategies☆ , 2016 .

[128]  Dong-Woo Cho,et al.  Effect of pore architecture and stacking direction on mechanical properties of solid freeform fabrication-based scaffold for bone tissue engineering. , 2012, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[129]  Tao Peng,et al.  Analysis of Energy Utilization in 3D Printing Processes , 2016 .

[130]  Jan Bültmann,et al.  High Power Selective Laser Melting (HP SLM) of Aluminum Parts , 2011 .

[131]  R. Everson,et al.  Surface roughness analysis, modelling and prediction in selective laser melting , 2013 .

[132]  Bin Zou,et al.  Effects of nozzle temperature and building orientation on mechanical properties and microstructure of PEEK and PEI printed by 3D-FDM , 2019, Polymer Testing.

[133]  Huijun Li,et al.  A practical path planning methodology for wire and arc additive manufacturing of thin-walled structures , 2015 .

[134]  X. H. Wu,et al.  On direct laser deposited Hastelloy X: dimension, surface finish, microstructure and mechanical properties , 2011 .

[135]  A. Mostafaei,et al.  Powder bed binder jet printed alloy 625: Densification, microstructure and mechanical properties , 2016 .

[136]  Wei Wang,et al.  Selective laser melting of AlSi10Mg alloy: Process optimisation and mechanical properties development , 2015, Materials & Design (1980-2015).

[137]  Miroslav Trajanović,et al.  Rapid tooling of tyre tread ring mould using direct metal laser sintering , 2009 .

[138]  J. Kruth,et al.  Residual stresses in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting , 2006 .

[139]  Joaquim Ciurana,et al.  Influence of process parameters on part quality and mechanical properties for DMLS and SLM with iron-based materials , 2012 .

[140]  C. Arvieu,et al.  Main defects observed in aluminum alloy parts produced by SLM: From causes to consequences , 2018, Additive Manufacturing.

[141]  Rafiq Noorani,et al.  Improvement of Surface Roughness on ABS 400 Polymer Using Design of Experiments (DOE) , 2007 .

[142]  Ian A. Ashcroft,et al.  ENERGY INPUTS TO ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: DOES CAPACITY UTILIZATION MATTER? , 2011 .

[143]  George-Christopher Vosniakos,et al.  A method for optimizing process parameters in layer-based rapid prototyping , 2007 .

[144]  Eric Coatanéa,et al.  Additive Manufacturing in Production: A Study Case Applying Technical Requirements , 2015 .

[145]  Xingming Xiao,et al.  Process parameter optimization for fused deposition modeling using response surface methodology combined with fuzzy inference system , 2014 .

[146]  Anders Snis,et al.  Effect of process parameters settings and thickness on surface roughness of EBM produced Ti‐6Al‐4V , 2012 .

[147]  Joakim Karlsson,et al.  Thickness dependency of mechanical properties for thin-walled titanium parts manufactured by Electron Beam Melting (EBM®) , 2016 .

[148]  Ho-Chan Kim,et al.  Surface roughness prediction using measured data and interpolation in layered manufacturing , 2009 .

[149]  A. K. Nagpal,et al.  Optimum part deposition orientation for multiple objectives in SL and SLS prototyping , 2009 .

[150]  Ryan B. Wicker,et al.  Microstructures and mechanical properties of electron beam-rapid manufactured Ti–6Al–4V biomedical prototypes compared to wrought Ti–6Al–4V , 2009 .

[151]  S. Maidin,et al.  Feasibility Study of Additive Manufacturing Technology Implementation in Malaysian Automotive Industry Using Analytic Hierarchy Process , 2013 .

[152]  Yusheng Shi,et al.  High-performance ceramic parts with complex shape prepared by selective laser sintering: a review , 2018 .

[153]  U. Glatzel,et al.  Microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Inconel 718 compared to forging and casting , 2016 .

[154]  Michael Schmidt,et al.  Fabrication and Characterization of High Strength Al-Cu Alloys Processed Using Laser Beam Melting in Metal Powder Bed , 2014 .

[155]  Jeremy Faludi,et al.  Does Material Choice Drive Sustainability of 3D Printing , 2015 .

[156]  Rafael Thiago Luiz Ferreira,et al.  Mechanical characterization and asymptotic homogenization of 3D-printed continuous carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic , 2019, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering.

[157]  N. Venkata Reddy,et al.  Optimum part deposition orientation in fused deposition modeling , 2004 .

[158]  Jianzhong Fu,et al.  Microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Mg-9 wt%Al powder mixture , 2018 .

[159]  Kwan H. Lee,et al.  Determination of the optimal build direction for different rapid prototyping processes using multi-criterion decision making , 2006 .

[160]  Karan Derekar,et al.  A review of wire arc additive manufacturing and advances in wire arc additive manufacturing of aluminium , 2018 .

[161]  Ian Gibson,et al.  Additive manufacturing technologies : 3D printing, rapid prototyping, and direct digital manufacturing , 2015 .

[162]  Pascal Mognol,et al.  Sustainable manufacturing: evaluation and modeling of environmental impacts in additive manufacturing , 2013, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.

[163]  C. Colin,et al.  Microstructural and mechanical approaches of the selective laser melting process applied to a nickel-base superalloy , 2012 .

[164]  M. Sugavaneswaran,et al.  Modelling for randomly oriented multi material additive manufacturing component and its fabrication , 2014 .

[165]  R. B. Wicker,et al.  Advanced metal powder based manufacturing of complex components by electron beam melting , 2009 .

[166]  E. Chlebus,et al.  Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of Ti―6Al―7Nb alloy produced by selective laser melting , 2011 .

[167]  C. Seepersad,et al.  A comparison of the energy efficiency of selective laser sintering and injection molding of nylon parts , 2012 .

[168]  Prakhar Jaiswal,et al.  Build orientation optimization for additive manufacturing of functionally graded material objects , 2018 .

[169]  Lianfeng Wang,et al.  Characterisation of structural properties for AlSi10Mg alloys fabricated by selective laser melting , 2017 .

[170]  Veera P. Darji,et al.  Optimization of process parameters of direct metal laser sintering process using fuzzy-based desirability function approach , 2019, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering.

[171]  Nam Phan,et al.  On the Fatigue Performance of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V to Enable Rapid Qualification for Aerospace Applications , 2016 .

[172]  David Dornfeld,et al.  Precision and Energy Usage for Additive Manufacturing , 2013 .

[173]  Ratnadeep Paul,et al.  Optimal part orientation in Rapid Manufacturing process for achieving geometric tolerances , 2011 .

[174]  Francesco Trevisan,et al.  On the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of the AlSi10Mg Alloy: Process, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties , 2017, Materials.

[175]  Arfan Majeed,et al.  Investigation of T4 and T6 heat treatment influences on relative density and porosity of AlSi10Mg alloy components manufactured by SLM , 2020, Comput. Ind. Eng..

[176]  D. C. Li,et al.  Manufacturing Properties of Turbine Blades of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced SiC Composite Based on Stereolithography , 2014 .

[177]  Philip J. Withers,et al.  Influence of processing conditions on strut structure and compressive properties of cellular lattice structures fabricated by selective laser melting , 2015 .

[178]  Ratnadeep Paul,et al.  A combined energy and error optimization method for metal powder based additive manufacturing processes , 2015 .

[179]  Konrad Wegener,et al.  Fatigue performance of additive manufactured metallic parts , 2013 .

[180]  Syed H. Masood,et al.  Tensile Properties of Processed FDM Polycarbonate Material , 2010 .

[181]  Han Tong Loh,et al.  Direct laser sintering of a silica sand , 2003 .

[182]  Michael Schmidt,et al.  Effects of Process Conditions on the Mechanical Behavior of Aluminium Wrought Alloy EN AW-2219 (AlCu6Mn) Additively Manufactured by Laser Beam Melting in Powder Bed , 2017, Micromachines.

[183]  Yang Liu,et al.  Theoretical and experimental study on surface roughness of 316L stainless steel metal parts obtained through selective laser melting , 2016 .

[184]  Pascal Mognol,et al.  Energy and material flow modelling of additive manufacturing processes , 2018 .

[185]  Haiyan Zhang,et al.  3D Printing and Buildings: A Technology Review and Future Outlook , 2018 .

[186]  M. K. Wahid,et al.  Optimization on Surface Roughness of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D Printed Parts Using Taguchi Approach , 2019, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering.

[187]  Nima Shamsaei,et al.  Fatigue behavior and failure mechanisms of direct laser deposited Ti–6Al–4V , 2016 .

[188]  Syed H. Masood,et al.  A generic algorithm for a best part orientation system for complex parts in rapid prototyping , 2003 .

[189]  M. S. Wahab,et al.  Mechanical and Physical Properties of AlSi10Mg Processed through Selective Laser Melting , 2016 .

[190]  Jerzy Józwik,et al.  Analysis of relation between the 3D printer laser beam power and the surface morphology properties in Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy parts , 2018 .

[191]  S. H. Choi,et al.  Modelling and optimisation of Rapid Prototyping , 2002, Comput. Ind..

[192]  K. Osakada,et al.  Rapid Manufacturing of Metal Components by Laser Forming , 2006 .

[193]  K.P. Roysarkar,et al.  Multi-objective optimization for part quality in stereolithography , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Computers & Industrial Engineering.

[194]  Yingfeng Zhang,et al.  A comprehensive review of big data analytics throughout product lifecycle to support sustainable smart manufacturing: A framework, challenges and future research directions , 2019, Journal of Cleaner Production.

[195]  Chor Yen Yap,et al.  Review of selective laser melting : materials and applications , 2015 .

[196]  M. Ziętala,et al.  Fe-Al thin walls manufactured by Laser Engineered Net Shaping , 2017 .

[197]  David L. Bourell,et al.  Property evaluation of 304L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting , 2012 .

[198]  Gunther Reinhart,et al.  Load-dependent Optimization of Honeycombs for Sandwich Components – New Possibilities by Using Additive Layer Manufacturing☆ , 2014 .

[199]  J.-P. Kruth,et al.  Processing AlSi10Mg by selective laser melting: parameter optimisation and material characterisation , 2015 .

[200]  Pascal Mognol,et al.  Predictive Model for Environmental Assessment in Additive Manufacturing Process , 2014 .

[201]  Mohd Javaid,et al.  3D printed medical parts with different materials using additive manufacturing , 2020 .

[202]  J. Kruth,et al.  Selective laser melting of biocompatible metals for rapid manufacturing of medical parts , 2006 .

[203]  Julien Gardan,et al.  Material and process characterization for coupling topological optimization to additive manufacturing , 2016 .

[204]  Xinhua Wu,et al.  Influences of processing parameters on surface roughness of Hastelloy X produced by selective laser melting , 2017 .

[205]  Yulin Hao,et al.  Manufacture by selective laser melting and mechanical behavior of a biomedical Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn alloy , 2011 .

[206]  R. Banerjee,et al.  Laser additive processing of functionally-graded Fe–Si–B–Cu–Nb soft magnetic materials , 2017 .

[207]  Yang Liu,et al.  Study on manufacturing of W-Cu alloy thin wall parts by selective laser melting , 2015 .

[208]  Omar Ahmed Mohamed,et al.  Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters: a review of current research and future prospects , 2015, Advances in Manufacturing.

[209]  S. Babu,et al.  Effect of post weld heat treatment on the 6061 aluminum alloy produced by ultrasonic additive manufacturing , 2017 .

[210]  I. Ashcroft,et al.  Reducing porosity in AlSi10Mg parts processed by selective laser melting , 2014 .

[211]  Brian Mellor,et al.  Multiple material additive manufacturing – Part 1: a review , 2013 .

[212]  Prasad K. Yarlagadda,et al.  Digital Manufacturing- Applications Past, Current, and Future Trends ☆ , 2017 .

[213]  Jingxiang Lv,et al.  Heat treatment influences densification and porosity of AlSi10Mg alloy thin-walled parts manufactured by selective laser melting technique , 2019, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering.

[214]  Michael Schmidt,et al.  Developing LBM Process Parameters for Ti-6Al-4V Thin Wall Structures and Determining the Corresponding Mechanical Characteristics , 2014 .

[215]  Yashwant Kumar Modi,et al.  Design and additive manufacturing of patient-specific cranial and pelvic bone implants from computed tomography data , 2018, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering.

[216]  D. Tranfield,et al.  Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review , 2003 .

[217]  Philip E. Reeves,et al.  Reducing the surface deviation of stereolithography using in‐process techniques , 1997 .

[218]  Sofiane Guessasma,et al.  Significance of pore percolation to drive anisotropic effects of 3D printed polymers revealed with X-ray μ-tomography and finite element computation , 2015 .

[219]  Steven J. Skerlos,et al.  Environmental aspects of laser-based and conventional tool and die manufacturing , 2007 .

[220]  Marcio Fernando Cruz,et al.  Decision methods application to compare conventional manufacturing process with metal additive manufacturing process in the aerospace industry , 2017 .

[221]  Nicolas Perry,et al.  Rapid prototyping: energy and environment in the spotlight , 2006 .