Artificial ionospheric irregularities measured with MUIR (Modular UHF Ionospheric Radar) at HAARP (High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program)

Many experiments on the modification of the ionosphere with high-power, high-frequency (HF) radio waves have been conducted since the 1970s. The world’s major HF facilities are (were) the Arecibo observatory, Puerto Rico (the Arecibo facility, 18.35 ̊N, 66.75 ̊W was operated from 1971 to 1978, and the Islote facility, 18.48 ̊N, 66.66 ̊W, was operated from 1981 to 1998), the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Tromsø site, Norway (69.59 ̊N, 19.23 ̊E), the Space Plasma Exploration by Active Radar (SPEAR) at Svalbard, Norway (78.15 ̊N, 16.05 ̊E), HF Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) in Gakona, Alaska (62.39 ̊N, 145.1 ̊W), the High Power Auroral Stimulation (HIPAS) observatory near Fairbanks, Alaska (64.87 ̊N, 146.84 ̊W), the Sura Facility near Vasil’sursk, Russia (56.13 ̊N, 46.10 ̊E), Kharkov observatory, Ukraine (50.00 ̊N, 36.20 ̊), and the Platteville, Colorado observatory (operated from 1970 to 1981, 40.18 ̊N, 104.73 ̊W). Only three—at Arecibo, Tromsø, and Svalbard—have powerful incoherent scatter (IS) radars. The Arecibo radar operates at a center frequency of 430 MHz, the two EISCAT IS radars at Tromsø operate at frequencies near 224 MHz and 931 MHz, and the one at Svalbard operates at 500 MHz. The scale of the ionospheric irregularities observed with the IS radar becomes smaller as the radar transmitting frequency increases. Since HF-induced plasma

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