eFRIEND: an ethical framework for intelligent environment development

Intelligent Environments bring technology closer to daily life and aim to provide context-sensitive services to humans in the physical spaces in which they work and live. Some developments have considered the ethical dimension of these systems; however this is an aspect, which requires further analysis. A literature review shows that these approaches are rather disconnected from each other, and that they are not making an impact on real systems being built. This paper summarises the ethical concerns addressed by previous work, highlights other important concerns, which have been overlooked so far, and proposes a more holistic approach. It explains how these concerns can be used to guide part of the development process in such a way that Intelligent Environments being engineered in the future will consider the ethical dimension in practice, not just in theory.

[1]  N. Sharkey,et al.  Granny and the robots: ethical issues in robot care for the elderly , 2012, Ethics and Information Technology.

[2]  Uwe Hansmann,et al.  Pervasive Computing , 2003 .

[3]  Wolfgang L. Zagler,et al.  Involvement of elderly citizens as potential end users of assistive technologies in the living lab Schwechat , 2009, PETRA '09.

[4]  Ian M. Mitchell,et al.  Design and Use of Assistive Technology: Social, Technical, Ethical, and Economic Challenges , 2010 .

[5]  Panos Markopoulos,et al.  Ambient intelligence, ethics and privacy , 2007 .

[6]  Herbert Plischke,et al.  Ambient Assistive Technologies (AAT): socio-technology as a powerful tool for facing the inevitable sociodemographic challenges? , 2010, Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM.

[7]  Anders Albrechtslund,et al.  House 2.0: Towards an Ethics for Surveillance in Intelligent Living and Working Environments , 2007 .

[8]  Juan Carlos Augusto,et al.  Handbook of Ambient Assisted Living - Technology for Healthcare, Rehabilitation and Well-being , 2012, Handbook of Ambient Assisted Living.

[9]  Fariba Sadri,et al.  Ambient intelligence: A survey , 2011, CSUR.

[10]  Roger Orpwood,et al.  The design of smart homes for people with dementia—user-interface aspects , 2005, Universal Access in the Information Society.

[11]  Somaya Ben Allouch,et al.  The Influence of Control on the Acceptance of Ambient Intelligence by Elderly People: An Explorative Study , 2008, AmI.

[12]  Anind K. Dey,et al.  Why and why not explanations improve the intelligibility of context-aware intelligent systems , 2009, CHI.

[13]  Ian M. Mitchell,et al.  Design and use of assistive technology , 2010 .

[14]  Sotirios Terzis,et al.  Privacy, security, and trust issues in smart environments , 2004 .

[15]  Anind K. Dey,et al.  Is Context-Aware Computing Taking Control away from the User? Three Levels of Interactivity Examined , 2003, UbiComp.

[16]  William Sims Bainbridge,et al.  ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF UBIQUITOUS HEALTH CARE , 2016 .

[17]  B. Reimer,et al.  Older Adult Perceptions of Smart Home Technologies: Implications for Research, Policy & Market Innovations in Healthcare , 2007, 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[18]  Juan Carlos Augusto,et al.  Personalized Smart Environments to Increase Inclusion of People with Down's Syndrome , 2013, AmI.

[19]  Emile H. L. Aarts,et al.  Ambient intelligence: a multimedia perspective , 2004, IEEE MultiMedia.

[20]  Tiina Kymäläinen,et al.  A User-Centric View of Intelligent Environments: User Expectations, User Experience and User Role in Building Intelligent Environments , 2012, Comput..

[21]  Diane J. Cook,et al.  "Intelligent Environments: a manifesto" , 2013, Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences.

[22]  Noam Shoval,et al.  Families’ and Professional Caregivers’ Views of Using Advanced Technology to Track People With Dementia , 2010, Qualitative health research.

[23]  T. Beauchamp,et al.  Principles of biomedical ethics , 1991 .

[24]  Michael Friedewald,et al.  Perspectives of ambient intelligence in the home environment , 2005 .

[25]  Bashar Nuseibeh,et al.  Keeping ubiquitous computing to yourself: A practical model for user control of privacy , 2005, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[26]  Martin Dodge Wright, David, Serge Gutwirth, Michael Friedewald, Elena Vildjiounaite and Yves Punie (eds.) 2008. Safeguards in a World of Ambient Intelligence. London: Springer. , 2009 .

[27]  Gerald Bieber,et al.  Ageing in a networked society: social inclusion and mental stimulation , 2009, PETRA '09.

[28]  Victor Callaghan,et al.  Perceptions of Autonomy: A Survey of User Opinions towards Autonomy in Intelligent Environments , 2011, 2011 Seventh International Conference on Intelligent Environments.

[29]  Hong Sun,et al.  Promises and Challenges of Ambient Assisted Living Systems , 2009, 2009 Sixth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations.

[30]  Serge Gutwirth,et al.  Legal safeguards for privacy and data protection in ambient intelligence , 2008, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing.

[31]  Antoinette Rouvroy,et al.  Privacy, Data Protection, and the Unprecedented Challenges of Ambient Intelligence , 2007 .

[32]  Jan Sliwa,et al.  Pervasive Computing - The Next Technical Revolution , 2011, 2011 Developments in E-systems Engineering.

[33]  Graham Clarke,et al.  Some socio-technical aspects of intelligent buildings and pervasive computing research , 2009 .

[34]  Halvor Hanisch,et al.  Frontiers of Justice. Disability, Nationality, Species Membership , 2007 .

[35]  Mark Weiser,et al.  Designing Calm Technology , 2004 .

[36]  Sotirios Terzis,et al.  Security, Privacy and Trust Issues in Smart Environments , 2005 .

[37]  M. Chan,et al.  Smart homes - current features and future perspectives. , 2009, Maturitas.

[38]  Pgs Paul Rutten,et al.  Ageing-in-place with the use of ambient intelligence technology: Perspectives of older users , 2011, Int. J. Medical Informatics.

[39]  M. Coeckelbergh,et al.  Health Care, Capabilities, and AI Assistive Technologies , 2010 .

[40]  Michael Friedewald,et al.  Safeguards in a world of ambient intelligence , 2008 .

[41]  Steven Dorrestijn,et al.  Design and Ethics of Product Impact on User Behavior and Use Practices , 2009, Intelligent Environments.

[42]  Michael Rohs,et al.  Living in a World of Smart Everyday Objects—Social, Economic, and Ethical Implications , 2004 .

[43]  Alex Mihailidis,et al.  A Survey on Ambient-Assisted Living Tools for Older Adults , 2013, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.

[44]  Juan Carlos Augusto,et al.  Living without a safety net in an Intelligent Environment , 2011, EAI Endorsed Trans. Ambient Syst..

[45]  Philip Brey,et al.  Freedom and Privacy in Ambient Intelligence , 2005, Ethics and Information Technology.

[46]  Michael Friedewald,et al.  Safeguards in a world of ambient intelligence , 2006 .

[47]  Lennart Magnusson,et al.  Ethical issues arising from a research, technology and development project to support frail older people and their family carers at home. , 2003, Health & social care in the community.

[48]  S Holm,et al.  Assistive technology, telecare and people with intellectual disabilities: ethical considerations , 2009, Journal of Medical Ethics.

[49]  Veikko Ikonen,et al.  Defining Ethical Guidelines for Ambient Intelligence Applications on a Mobile Phone , 2009, Intelligent Environments.

[50]  Friedemann Mattern,et al.  Living in a smart environment - implications for the coming ubiquitous information society , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37583).

[51]  Diane J. Cook,et al.  Author's Personal Copy Pervasive and Mobile Computing Ambient Intelligence: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities , 2022 .

[52]  Ling Feng,et al.  Balancing Smartness and Privacy for the Ambient Intelligence , 2006, EuroSSC.

[53]  Michael Rohs,et al.  As we may live – Real-world implications of ubiquitous computing , 2002 .