Future Directions for Management Theory Development

The article focuses on the development of management paradigms encompassing the management systems used in Europe and Japan. A discussion is presented about difficulties arising out of the cultural diversity of the organization's members and clients and various Management behaviors based upon cultural assumptions. The author presents an example of cause and effect relationships, which are significant elements in any management approach. The key to a cross-culturally applicable management theory appears to lie in cultural contingency. The author reports on the importance of cultural understanding in the practice of management.