On the non-closure of particle backscattering coefficient in oligotrophic oceans.

Many studies have consistently found that the particle backscattering coefficient (bbp) in oligotrophic oceans estimated from remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs) using semi-analytical algorithms is higher than that from in situ measurements. This overestimation can be as high as ~300% for some oligotrophic ocean regions. Various sources potentially responsible for this discrepancy are examined. Further, after applying an empirical algorithm to correct the impact from Raman scattering, it is found that bbp from analytical inversion of Rrs is in good agreement with that from in situ measurements, and that a closure is achieved.

[1]  A. Morel.  Optical properties of pure water and pure sea water , 1974 .

[2]  Michael S. Twardowski,et al.  Measuring optical backscattering in water , 2013 .

[3]  H. Gordon.  Contribution of Raman scattering to water-leaving radiance: a reexamination. , 1999, Applied optics.

[4]  Peter Regner,et al.  The Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative: III. A round-robin comparison on in-water bio-optical algorithms , 2015 .

[5]  David A. Siegel,et al.  Carbon‐based ocean productivity and phytoplankton physiology from space , 2005 .

[6]  A. Weidemann,et al.  Optical modeling of clear ocean light fields: Raman scattering effects. , 1988, Applied optics.

[7]  Thompson,et al.  Estimation of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean from Satellite Remote Sensing , 2022 .

[8]  J. Ronald V. Zaneveld,et al.  A theoretical derivation of the dependence of the remotely sensed reflectance of the ocean on the inherent optical properties , 1995 .

[9]  D. Siegel,et al.  The global distribution and dynamics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter. , 2013, Annual review of marine science.

[10]  R. Arnone,et al.  Deriving inherent optical properties from water color: a multiband quasi-analytical algorithm for optically deep waters. , 2002, Applied optics.

[11]  Davide D'Alimonte,et al.  Validation of satellite ocean color primary products at optically complex coastal sites: Northern Adriatic Sea, Northern Baltic Proper and Gulf of Finland , 2009 .

[12]  R. Maffione,et al.  Instruments and methods for measuring the backward-scattering coefficient of ocean waters. , 1997, Applied optics.

[13]  H. Gordon.  Spectral variations in the volume scattering function at large angles in natural waters , 1974 .

[14]  Catherine A. Brown,et al.  The origin and global distribution of second order variability in satellite ocean color and its potential applications to algorithm development , 2008 .

[15]  H. Gordon,et al.  Diffuse reflectance of the ocean: the theory of its augmentation by chlorophyll a fluorescence at 685 nm. , 1979, Applied optics.

[16]  R. A. Ragotzkie.  Great Lakes Research , 1990 .

[17]  Catherine A. Brown,et al.  Retrieval of phytoplankton biomass from simultaneous inversion of reflectance, the diffuse attenuation coefficient, and Sun‐induced fluorescence in coastal waters , 2007 .

[18]  H. Claustre,et al.  Spatial variability of phytoplankton pigment distributions in the Subtropical South Pacific Ocean: comparison between in situ and predicted data , 2007 .

[19]  Stanford B. Hooker,et al.  An autonomous above-water system for the validation of ocean color radiance data , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[20]  P Jeremy Werdell,et al.  Generalized ocean color inversion model for retrieving marine inherent optical properties. , 2013, Applied optics.

[21]  Xiaodong Zhang,et al.  Scattering by pure seawater: effect of salinity. , 2009, Optics express.

[22]  E. Boss,et al.  Influence of Raman scattering on ocean color inversion models. , 2013, Applied optics.

[23]  E. Fry,et al.  Absorption spectrum (380-700 nm) of pure water. II. Integrating cavity measurements. , 1997, Applied optics.

[24]  G. Leshkevich,et al.  Optical Characterizations and Pursuit of Optical Closure for the Western Basin of Lake Erie through in situ Measurements , 2010 .

[25]  E. Boss,et al.  Relationship of light scattering at an angle in the backward direction to the backscattering coefficient. , 2001, Applied optics.

[26]  K. Ruddick,et al.  Model of remote-sensing reflectance including bidirectional effects for case 1 and case 2 waters. , 2005, Applied optics.

[27]  David A. Siegel,et al.  Variability in optical particle backscattering in contrasting bio‐optical oceanic regimes , 2011 .

[28]  Steven A. Freeman,et al.  Optical backscattering properties of the "clearest" natural waters , 2007 .

[29]  J R Zaneveld,et al.  In situ determination of the remotely sensed reflectance and the absorption coefficient: closure and inversion. , 1999, Applied optics.

[30]  H. Claustre,et al.  Relationships between the surface concentration of particulate organic carbon and optical properties in the eastern South Pacific and eastern Atlantic Oceans , 2007 .

[31]  Annick Bricaud,et al.  Light backscattering efficiency and related properties of some phytoplankters , 1992 .

[32]  D. Stramski,et al.  Estimation of the inherent optical properties of natural waters from the irradiance attenuation coefficient and reflectance in the presence of Raman scattering. , 2000, Applied optics.

[33]  G. Dall’Olmo,et al.  Particle backscattering as a function of chlorophyll and phytoplankton size structure in the open-ocean. , 2012, Optics express.

[34]  M. Kahru,et al.  Estimation of particulate organic carbon in the ocean from satellite remote sensing , 1999, Science.

[35]  R. Arnone,et al.  Time series of bio-optical properties in a subtropical gyre: Implications for the evaluation of interannual trends of biogeochemical properties , 2010 .

[36]  P. J. Werdell,et al.  An improved in-situ bio-optical data set for ocean color algorithm development and satellite data product validation , 2005 .

[37]  Menghua Wang,et al.  Remote Sensing of Inherent Optical Properties : Fundamentals , 2009 .

[38]  R. Arnone,et al.  Penetration of UV-visible solar radiation in the global oceans: Insights from ocean color remote sensing , 2013 .

[39]  A. Kokhanovsky.  Light Scattering Reviews 7: Radiative Transfer and Optical Properties of Atmosphere and Underlying Surface , 2013 .

[40]  M. Chami,et al.  Influence of the angular shape of the volume-scattering function and multiple scattering on remote sensing reflectance. , 2006, Applied optics.

[41]  E. Boss,et al.  Method for estimating mean particle size from high-frequency fluctuations in beam attenuation or scattering measurements. , 2013, Applied optics.

[42]  C. Mobley,et al.  An analytical model for subsurface irradiance and remote sensing reflectance in deep and shallow case-2 waters. , 2003, Optics express.

[43]  C. Mobley,et al.  Hyperspectral remote sensing for shallow waters. I. A semianalytical model. , 1998, Applied optics.

[44]  C. Davis,et al.  Model for the interpretation of hyperspectral remote-sensing reflectance. , 1994, Applied optics.

[45]  Michael S Twardowski,et al.  Spectra of Particulate Backscattering in Natural Waters. References and Links , 2022 .

[46]  A. Bricaud,et al.  Modeling the inherent optical properties of the ocean based on the detailed composition of the planktonic community. , 2001, Applied optics.

[47]  Motoaki Kishino,et al.  Contribution of Raman scattering to upward irradiance in the sea , 1984 .

[48]  C. Mobley,et al.  Toward closure of upwelling radiance in coastal waters. , 2003, Applied optics.

[49]  James W. Brown,et al.  A semianalytic radiance model of ocean color , 1988 .

[50]  B Gentili,et al.  Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters. II Bidirectional aspects. , 1993, Applied optics.

[51]  H. Claustre,et al.  Optical properties of the “clearest” natural waters , 2007 .

[52]  Youfei Zheng,et al.  Aerosol optical depth measurements in eastern China and a new calibration method , 2010 .

[53]  D. Stramski,et al.  Particle optical backscattering along a chlorophyll gradient in the upper layer of the eastern South Pacific Ocean , 2007 .

[54]  Giuseppe Zibordi,et al.  An inherent-optical-property-centered approach to correct the angular effects in water-leaving radiance. , 2011, Applied optics.

[55]  K. Baker,et al.  Optical properties of the clearest natural waters (200-800 nm). , 1981, Applied optics.

[56]  R. Arnone,et al.  Uncertainties of Optical Parameters and Their Propagations in an Analytical Ocean Color Inversion Algorithm , 2010 .

[57]  A. J. Allnutt.  Optical Aspects of Oceanography , 1975 .

[58]  ZhongPing Lee,et al.  Effects of molecular and particle scatterings on the model parameter for remote-sensing reflectance. , 2004, Applied optics.

[59]  Malik Chami,et al.  Variability of the relationship between the particulate backscattering coefficient and the volume scattering function measured at fixed angles , 2006 .

[60]  Michael S Twardowski,et al.  Angular shape of the oceanic particulate volume scattering function in the backward direction. , 2009, Applied optics.

[61]  P. Wachter,et al.  Optical Properties of GdS,GdSe,GdTeamd LaS , 1974 .